Code snippets

PHP November 2, 2026 Laravel Pest feature test for an API endpoint with a factory Tests that an endpoint creates a record and returns the right JSON. Pest is the default test runner in new Laravel apps. <?php it('creates a post', function () { $user = User::factory()->create(); PHP November 2, 2026 Laravel chunkById and lazy: process large tables without running out of memory Loads rows in batches instead of all at once, so big tables don’t exhaust memory. Prefer chunkById when you update rows while looping. <?php User::chunkById(1000, function ($users) { foreach ($users as $user) { PHP November 2, 2026 Laravel attribute casting and accessors/mutators casts() converts columns to arrays, dates or enums automatically. Attribute::make transforms a value when you read or write it. <?php use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Casts\Attribute; PHP November 2, 2026 Laravel database transactions with DB::transaction Runs several writes as one unit: if anything throws, all of them roll back. attempts retries on deadlocks. <?php use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB; PHP November 2, 2026 Laravel model observers and events with #[ObservedBy] Moves model lifecycle logic (created, updated, deleted) out of controllers into one class. The #[ObservedBy] attribute registers it without a service provider. <?php // php artisan make:observer PostObserver --model=Post use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Attributes\ObservedBy; PHP November 2, 2026 Laravel task scheduling in routes/console.php (Laravel 11+) From Laravel 11, schedules live in routes/console.php, not Kernel.php. You need only one cron entry that runs schedule:run every minute. <?php use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB; use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schedule; PHP November 2, 2026 Laravel file upload: validate, store and get the URL Validates an uploaded image, stores it on the public disk and builds its URL. Run php artisan storage:link once so the public disk is web-accessible. <?php use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Storage; PHP November 2, 2026 Laravel Sanctum API token authentication Issues API tokens for mobile apps and SPAs. In Laravel 11/12, run php artisan install:api first to set up the API scaffolding. <?php // User model: add the HasApiTokens trait use Laravel\Sanctum\HasApiTokens; PHP November 2, 2026 Laravel Policies and Gates: authorize actions in controllers Keeps permission rules in one policy class instead of scattering if checks. Gate::authorize throws a 403 when the check fails. <?php // php artisan make:policy PostPolicy --model=Post public function update(User $user, Post $post): bool PHP November 2, 2026 Laravel soft deletes: delete, restore and query trashed records Marks a row as deleted instead of removing it, so you can restore it later. withTrashed() and onlyTrashed() let you query deleted rows. <?php // migration $table->softDeletes(); SQL October 20, 2026 MySQL backup and restore a database with mysqldump Dumps a database to a file and restores it later. --single-transaction gives a consistent backup of InnoDB tables without locking them. # Backup mysqldump -u root -p --single-transaction mydb > mydb.sql # Backup compressed SQL October 20, 2026 MySQL group by month and count rows per period Counts rows per month for reports and charts. DATE_FORMAT builds the month label to group on. SELECT DATE_FORMAT(created_at, '%Y-%m') AS month, COUNT(*) AS orders, SUM(total) AS revenue FROM orders SQL October 20, 2026 MySQL add an index and check it with EXPLAIN Adds an index to speed up a slow WHERE clause, then uses EXPLAIN to confirm the query uses it. Check that key is set and rows is small. ALTER TABLE orders ADD INDEX idx_user_created (user_id, created_at); EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM orders SQL October 20, 2026 MySQL INSERT ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE upsert Inserts a row, or updates it if a unique key already exists. The table needs a UNIQUE or PRIMARY KEY on the column you match. INSERT INTO page_views (page, views) VALUES ('/home', 1) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE views = views + 1; SQL October 20, 2026 MySQL get the Nth highest salary using LIMIT OFFSET A classic interview question. DISTINCT skips ties, and OFFSET N-1 jumps to the Nth value. This example returns the 2nd highest. SELECT DISTINCT salary FROM employees ORDER BY salary DESC LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1; -- change the offset for the 3rd, 4th, etc. SQL October 20, 2026 MySQL find and delete duplicate rows keeping the lowest id Finds rows that repeat a column value and deletes all but the one with the smallest id. Run the SELECT first to preview what will be removed, and back up the ta... -- Preview duplicates SELECT email, COUNT(*) AS total FROM users GROUP BY email PHP October 19, 2026 Laravel queue job to run slow tasks in the background Moves slow work such as sending email or processing files out of the web request so pages respond fast. Run a worker with php artisan queue:work. <?php // php artisan make:job SendWelcomeEmail namespace App\Jobs; PHP October 19, 2026 Laravel HTTP client retry and timeout for external API calls Calls an external API with a timeout and automatic retries. throw() raises an exception on 4xx and 5xx responses so failures aren’t silent. <?php use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http; PHP October 19, 2026 Laravel rate limit API routes with throttle middleware Limits how many requests a client can make per minute and returns a 429 when exceeded. Use it on login, API and public endpoints to stop abuse. <?php // routes/api.php: 60 requests per minute Route::middleware('throttle:60,1')->group(function () { PHP October 19, 2026 Laravel API Resource transform model to JSON response Controls exactly which fields your API returns, so you never leak columns by accident. whenLoaded includes a relation only if it was eager loaded, which avoids... <?php // php artisan make:resource PostResource namespace App\Http\Resources; PHP October 19, 2026 Laravel Eloquent local query scope reusable filters Wraps a common where condition in a reusable method on the model. Use it so filters like “published” aren’t repeated across controllers. <?php // app/Models/Post.php use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder; Bash October 17, 2026 Linux check disk usage and find the biggest folders df shows free space per filesystem and du shows what is using it. Use them when a server runs out of disk. df -h # free space per mount du -sh * # size of each item here du -h --max-depth=1 /var | sort -hr | head -10 # top 10 folders in /var Bash October 17, 2026 Linux find and kill a process by port or name Finds what is listening on a port and stops it. Try a normal kill first and only use kill -9 if the process won’t stop. ss -tulpn | grep :8000 # who is using port 8000 lsof -i :8000 # same, with lsof kill <PID> # graceful stop kill -9 <PID> # force stop Bash October 17, 2026 Linux tail and follow log files in real time Watches a log as new lines arrive. Use it to debug a running app or service. tail -f storage/logs/laravel.log # follow a file tail -n 100 -f /var/log/nginx/error.log # last 100 lines, then follow journalctl -u nginx -f # follow a systemd service journalctl -u nginx --since "1 hour ago"