Wavellite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Wavellite
Formula:
Al3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2O
May contain some F replacing OH.
Colour:
Green to yellowish-green and yellow, greenish white, yellowish-brown, brown, brownish-black, blue, white and colourless; colourless in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Greasy, Pearly
Hardness:
3½ - 4
Specific Gravity:
2.36
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named by William Babington in 1805 in honour of Dr. William Wavell (20 December 1750, Newchurch, Isle of Wight, England, UK - 15 May 1829, Barnstaple, England, UK), a physician, botanist, historian, and naturalist in Harwood Parish, Devonshire, England, who discovered the mineral. Non-contemporary accounts suggest that Dr. Wavell discovered phosphate in the mineral, a constituent that was previously missed in analyses of hydrargilite. Dr. Wavell was educated in Edinburgh and was in medical partnership with Dr. William Curtis (1746, Alton, Hampshire, England, UK - 1825, Barnstaple, Devonshire, England, UK) on Gracechurch Street, Barnstaple. Dr. Curtis was also an energetic botanist and also a correspondent with many naturalists (Curtis and Hooker, 1827).
A secondary mineral found most often in aluminous, low-grade metamorphic rocks. Usually found as radiating "starburst" clusters of green to yellow-green fibrous crystals on fracture surfaces in the matrix, these may grade into globular aggregates; more rarely in chalcedony-like or opaline masses, or stalactic; very rare as good distinct crystals.
The OH analogue of fluorwavellite.
Note: Allanpringite is a monoclinic-pseudoorthorhombic Fe3+-analogue of wavellite.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Wavellite.
The OH analogue of fluorwavellite.
Note: Allanpringite is a monoclinic-pseudoorthorhombic Fe3+-analogue of wavellite.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Wavellite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
4250
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:4250:1
Similar Names
| Wavellite (of Dewey) | A synonym of Gibbsite |
IMA Classification of Wavellite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Al3(PO4)2(OH)3·5H2O
Classification of Wavellite
8.DC.50
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
D : Phosphates, etc. with additional anions, with H2O
C : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 1:1 and < 2:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
D : Phosphates, etc. with additional anions, with H2O
C : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 1:1 and < 2:1
Dana 7th ed.:
42.7.4.1
42.10.2.1
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
10 : A3(XO4)2Zq·xH2O
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
10 : A3(XO4)2Zq·xH2O
19.7.8
19 : Phosphates
7 : Phosphates of Al alone
19 : Phosphates
7 : Phosphates of Al alone
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Wav | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Wav | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Physical Properties of Wavellite
Vitreous, Greasy, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Green to yellowish-green and yellow, greenish white, yellowish-brown, brown, brownish-black, blue, white and colourless; colourless in transmitted light.
Comment:
Colouration may be zoned.
Streak:
White.
Hardness:
3½ - 4 on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {110}, good on {101}, distinct on {010}.
Perfect on {110}, good on {101}, distinct on {010}.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
2.36 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.37 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Wavellite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.518 - 1.535 nβ = 1.524 - 1.543 nγ = 1.544 - 1.561
2V:
Measured: 60° to 72°, Calculated: 60° to 70°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.026
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r > v weak
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
X= Greenish
Z= Yellowish
Z= Yellowish
Chemistry of Wavellite
Mindat Formula:
Al3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2O
May contain some F replacing OH.
May contain some F replacing OH.
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
F,Fe
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | |
|---|---|
| H2O | 26.45 % |
| Al2O3 | 37.18 % |
| P2O5 | 32.00 % |
| SiO2 | 0.19 % |
| F | 2.09 % |
| Total: | 97.91 % |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cork County, Munster, Ireland | Specimens "of singular purity, and came from one of the localities in the county of Cork" |
Crystallography of Wavellite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm(2/m2/m2/m) - Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.621 Å, b = 17.363 Å, c = 6.994 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.554 : 1 : 0.403
Unit Cell V:
1,168.34 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals rare, stout to long prismatic parallel to [001], with {110} striated parallel to [001]. Found as hemispherical or globular aggregates with an internal radial or stellate structure of fibrous crystals; as crusts and stalactic; more rarely in chalcedony-like opaline masses.
Twinning:
None reported
Comment:
Space Group: Pcmn (non-standard setting).
Crystallographic forms of Wavellite
Crystal Atlas:
Image Loading
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Wavellite no.4 - {110} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Wavellite no.5 - {110} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Wavellite no.8 - {110} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
www.smorf.nl.
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0010659 | Wavellite | Araki T, Zoltai T (1968) The crystal structure of wavellite Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 127 21-33 |  | 1968 | Montgomery County, Arkansas, USA | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 8.67 Å | (100) |
| 8.42 Å | (100) |
| 5.65 Å | (50) |
| 4.81 Å | (30) |
| 3.42 Å | (40) |
| 3.22 Å | (60) |
| 2.57 Å | (30) |
| 2.11 Å | (20) |
Geological Environment
Geological Setting:
A secondary mineral of aluminous low-grade metamorphic rocks, in phosphate and limonitic deposits; more rarely as a late-forming hydrothermal vein mineral.
Type Occurrence of Wavellite
Synonyms of Wavellite
Other Language Names for Wavellite
Varieties of Wavellite
| Gelfischerite | A gel-like form of fischerite (= wavellite). |
Relationship of Wavellite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Wavellite Group:
| Allanpringite | Fe3+3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Fluorwavellite | Al3(PO4)2(OH)2F · 5H2O | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 421 photos of Wavellite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 194 photos of Wavellite associated with Variscite | AlPO4 · 2H2O |
| 117 photos of Wavellite associated with Turquoise | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8 · 4H2O |
| 78 photos of Wavellite associated with Vauxite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 72 photos of Wavellite associated with Cacoxenite | Fe3+24AlO6(PO4)17(OH)12 · 75H2O |
| 64 photos of Wavellite associated with Paravauxite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 58 photos of Wavellite associated with Strengite | FePO4 · 2H2O |
| 41 photos of Wavellite associated with Fluellite | Al2(PO4)F2(OH) · 7H2O |
| 40 photos of Wavellite associated with Crandallite | CaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 40 photos of Wavellite associated with Sigloite | Fe3+Al2(PO4)2(OH)3 · 7H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.DC. | Ferroberaunite | Fe2+Fe3+5(PO4)4(OH)5 · 6H2O |
| 8.DC. | Césarferreiraite | Fe2+ Fe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC. | Ferrivauxite | Fe3+Al2(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2O |
| 8.DC. | Ianbruceite | Zn2(AsO4)(OH) · 3H2O |
| 8.DC.05 | Nissonite | Cu2Mg2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 5H2O |
| 8.DC.07 | Euchroite | Cu2(AsO4)(OH) · 3H2O |
| 8.DC.10 | Legrandite | Zn2(AsO4)(OH) · H2O |
| 8.DC.12 | Strashimirite | Cu8(AsO4)4(OH)4 · 5H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Earlshannonite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Kunatite | CuFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | 'UM2006-27-PO:FeHZn' | ZnFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | 'UKI-2006-(PO:AlCuFeH)' | Fe2+Al3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Cobaltarthurite | CoFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Arthurite | CuFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Ojuelaite | ZnFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Whitmoreite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Bendadaite | Fe2+Fe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.17 | Kleemanite | ZnAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 3H2O |
| 8.DC.20 | Magnesiobermanite | MgMn3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.20 | Bermanite | Mn2+Mn3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.20 | Coralloite | Mn2+Mn3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.22 | Kovdorskite | Mg2(PO4)(OH) · 3H2O |
| 8.DC.25 | Zincostrunzite | ZnFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6.5H2O |
| 8.DC.25 | Metavauxite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.25 | Metavivianite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 8.DC.25 | Ferristrunzite | Fe3+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2O |
| 8.DC.25 | Strunzite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 8.DC.25 | Ferrostrunzite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 8.DC.27 | Beraunite | Fe3+6(PO4)4O(OH)4 · 6H2O |
| 8.DC.27 | Tvrdýite | Fe2+Fe3+2Al3(PO4)4(OH)5(H2O)4 · 2H2O |
| 8.DC.27 | Zincoberaunite | ZnFe3+5(PO4)4(OH)5 · 6H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Maghrebite | MgAl2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Ferrolaueite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Ushkovite | MgFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Laueite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Paravauxite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Sigloite | Fe3+Al2(PO4)2(OH)3 · 7H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Nordgauite | MnAl2(PO4)2(F,OH)2 · 5H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Kayrobertsonite | [MnAl2(PO4)2(OH)2(H2O)4] · 2H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Kummerite | Mn2+Fe3+Al(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Mangangordonite | Mn2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Stewartite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Gordonite | MgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Kastningite | (Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Pseudolaueite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.DC.32 | Kamarizaite | Fe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)3 · 3H2O |
| 8.DC.32 | Tinticite | Fe3+3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 3H2O |
| 8.DC.35 | Vauxite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 8.DC.37 | Vantasselite | Al4(PO4)3(OH)3 · 9H2O |
| 8.DC.40 | Cacoxenite | Fe3+24AlO6(PO4)17(OH)12 · 75H2O |
| 8.DC.45 | Souzalite | Mg3Al4(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| 8.DC.45 | Gormanite | (Fe2+,Mg)3(Al,Fe3+)4(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| 8.DC.47 | Kingite | Al3(PO4)2F2(OH) · 7H2O |
| 8.DC.50 | Allanpringite | Fe3+3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2O |
| 8.DC.50 | Fluorwavellite | Al3(PO4)2(OH)2F · 5H2O |
| 8.DC.52 | Kribergite | Al5(PO4)3(SO4)(OH)4 · 4H2O |
| 8.DC.55 | Mapimite | Zn2Fe3+3(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 10H2O |
| 8.DC.57 | Ogdensburgite | Ca2Fe3+4(Zn,Mn2+)(AsO4)4(OH)6 · 6H2O |
| 8.DC.60 | Cloncurryite | Cu0.5(VO)0.5Al2(PO4)2F2 · 5H2O |
| 8.DC.60 | Nevadaite | (Cu2+,Al,V3+)6Al8(PO4)8F8(OH)2 · 22H2O |
| 8.DC.62 | Kenngottite | Mn2+3Fe3+4(PO4)4(OH)6(H2O)2 |
| 8.DC.67 | Molinelloite | Cu(H2O)(OH)V4+O(V5+O4) |
| 8.DC.70 | Whitecapsite | H16Fe2+5Fe3+14Sb3+6(AsO4)18O16 · 120H2O |
| 8.DC.75 | Heimite | PbCu2(AsO4)(OH)3 · 2H2O |
| 8.DC.80 | Lednevite | Cu[PO3(OH)] · H2O |
Other Information
Notes:
Readily soluble in acids.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Wavellite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-4250.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Wavellite
Reference List:
Davy, Humphrey (1805) VII. An account of some analytical experiments on a mineral production from Devonshire, consisting principally of alumine and water. Philosophical Transactions Of The Royal Society Of London, 95. 155-162 doi:10.1098/rstl.1805.0009
Gregor, W. (1805) XXIII. Experiments on a mineral substance formerly supposed to be zeolite; with some remarks on two species of uran-glimmer. Philosophical Transactions Of The Royal Society Of London, 95. 331-348 doi:10.1098/rstl.1805.0025
Carnot, Adolphe (1894) Sur la composition chimique des wavellites et des turquoises. Comptes rendus de l’Académie des sciences de Paris, 118 (14-26) 995-998
Ungemach, Henri (1912) Sur la wavellite. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 35 (6) 536-538 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1912.3533
Wherry, Edgar T. (1918) Notes on mimetite, thaumasite, and wavellite. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 54 (2240) 373-381 doi:10.5479/si.00963801.54-2240.373
Shannon, Earl V. (1923) Mineralogic notes on pucherite, pyrite, trichalcite, and wavellite. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 62 (2455) 1-10 doi:10.5479/si.00963801.62-2455.1
Palache, Charles; Berman, Harry; Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. John Wiley and Sons.pages 906 (as Bialite), 962-964 (as Wavellite).
Fischer, E. (1954) Über die Selbständigkeit des Minerals Fischerit. Heidelberger Beiträge zur Mineralogie und Petrographie, 4 (6). 522-525 doi:10.1007/bf01129858(as Fischerit)
Foster, Margaret D., Schaller, Waldemar T. (1966) Cause of colors in wavellite from Dug Hill, Arkansas. American Mineralogist, 51 (3-4) 422-428
Araki, Takaharu, Zoltai, Tibor (1968) The crystal structure of wavellite. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 127 (1) 21-33 doi:10.1524/zkri.1968.127.1-4.21
Localities for Wavellite
Showing 459 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| R. Fernández (1987) |
Australia | |
| Trueman (1965) | |
| Maggie Wilson |
| McIlveen (1975) |
| Hosking (1995) |
| Day et al. (1996) |
| Peter Elliott |
| Murray (1973) |
| Harrowfield et al. (1981) +1 other reference |
| Francis et al. (self published) | |
| SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ... |
| Francis (2010) |
| Pilkington et al. (1982) +1 other reference |
| SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ... |
| Francis et al. (self published) |
| Brian Beyer via John Toma (IDs at SA Museum?) +1 other reference |
| Pilkington et al. (1979) |
| Hosking (1995) |
| Peter Elliott |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill & Baker | |
| M Latham colln |
| M Latham colln |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| James Melville's Collection | |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill +1 other reference |
| GHF Ulrich (1870) |
| |
| Birch et al. (1993) | |
| |
| Birch et al. (1993) |
| Birch et al. (1993) |
| Birch et al. (1993) |
| Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection +1 other reference |
| Henry et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| |
Belgium | |
| Malaise (1913) +1 other reference |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Dejonghe et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Mélon et al. (1976) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Dumont (1832) +1 other reference |
| Cesàro (1898) +2 other references |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Corin (1927) +1 other reference | |
| Blondieau (2005) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Dejonghe et al. (1993) | |
| Jockin (en collaboration avec l'université de Liège) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Michel Blondieau. +1 other reference | |
| Daltry et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| Fransolet (1987) | |
| de Rauw (1910) +1 other reference | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Michot (1953) +3 other references | |
| Blondieau (2005) | |
| Fournier (1897) +2 other references |
| Van Tassel (1985) +1 other reference | |
Bolivia | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Alfredo Petrov | |
| Smith et al. (2001) +2 other references |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) | |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| Herzenberg collection |
| Wilson (2001) | |
| Smith et al. (2001) |
| Salomon Rivas and Federico Ahlfeld: Los Minerales de Bolivia y sus Parajes (Santa Cruz, 1998) |
Brazil | |
| Sioeira et al. (1982) |
| Frost et al. (2013) |
| Sergio Varvello collection |
| 531 p +6 other references |
| Rev. Esc. Minas vol.57 no.4 Ouro Preto ... |
| Walter et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
Bulgaria | |
| Kunov et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
Burundi | |
| Fransolet et al. (1990) |
China | |
| Huatian Wang et al. (1990) |
| Liu et al. (2022) | |
| Huatian Wang et al. (1990) |
| Huatian Wang et al. (1990) | |
| Baogui Zhang et al. (1990) |
| Damao Wu and Yansong Tan (1981) |
| Huatian Wang et al. (1990) |
| Rengui Wu and Dagan Yu (2000) |
Czech Republic | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Pauliš +5 other references | |
| Vtělenský J. (1959) |
| Černý et al. (2018) | |
| Černý P. et al. (2015) |
| Vtělenský J. (1959) | |
| Vtělenský J. (1959) |
| |
| Petr Pauliš (2000) +1 other reference |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Pauliš +1 other reference |
| Kruťa (1949) |
| Janouš (1995) +4 other references |
| Label by Augustus Krantz in Berlin (1837-50) | |
| Sejkora et al. (2011) |
| Houzar (1998) |
| Gramblička (n.d.) |
| Gramblička (n.d.) |
| Gramblička (n.d.) |
DR Congo | |
| Collection Arliguie M (old label) +1 other reference |
| Nasraoui et al. (1999) |
| Mills et al. (2010) |
Egypt | |
| USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A |
Finland | |
| Mäkelä |
France | |
| Nicolas et al. (1963) |
| G. Aubert : "Les coupoles granitiques de Montebras et d'Echassières (Massif Central Français) | |
| Nicolas et al. (1963) |
| Y. Vessely collection | |
| Gert Schöneborn collection (Uwe Kolitsch SXRD-analysis) |
| Aubert (1969) | |
| Le Roch (2009) |
| Pierre Le Roch |
| Germain et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
| Des Cloizeaux (1871) +2 other references |
| Pascale & Daniel Journet |
| Jean-Marie LAURENT collection |
| GAYRAUD (2010) +2 other references |
| Lukas (1978) +2 other references |
| Ref: Boisson J.M. |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| 58. +1 other reference |
| Leon Hupperichs collection +1 other reference |
| Müller (1984) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
| Dana 7:II:772 |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| von Voith (1836) | |
| Dill et al. (2009) |
| Dill et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Dill (2009) +1 other reference |
| Dill et al. (2013) | |
| web.archive.org (2001) +1 other reference | |
| Kastning et al. (1996) +2 other references | |
| Pöllmann et al. (2005) |
| Meier (2005) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| Weiß (1990) |
| in the collection of Joachim Esche |
| Müller et al. (2012) |
| Blaß (2002) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Blaß et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Pawlowski (1991) |
| Stieglitz et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2016) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| M Adelt collection +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| M Adelt collection |
| Witzke et al. (2013) |
| 86. +2 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in ... |
| Leithner (2008) |
| Gröbner et al. (2006) | |
| |
| Kasiske et al. (2003) | |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Witzke et al. (1998) | |
| Howard Heitner specimen (previous owner obtained in trade from East Germany pre-1989) | |
| Witzke et al. (2001) |
Guinea | |
| Feret (1997) |
Hungary | |
| Koch (1985) |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Szakáll: 100 Hungarian Mineral Loc. |
Ireland | |
| Church (1873) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Green et al. (2007) |
| Moreton et al. (1995) |
| ... |
| Rutley (1902) |
| Moreton et al. (2005) | |
| Rutley (1902) | |
| Ryback et al. (1988) |
| Greg et al. (1858) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Italy | |
| I minerali del Museo Archeominerario ... +1 other reference |
| Di Domenico et al. (1993) +2 other references | |
| Zambonini (1902) +1 other reference | |
| Olmi F. |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Luigi Chiappino data +1 other reference |
| I. Campostrini personal comunication |
| Ciriotti et al. (2011) |
Japan | |
| Kojiro (2001) |
| Ito (1975) |
| Matsubara (1988) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Takashi Yamada et al. (1999) |
| - (n.d.) |
Kazakhstan | |
| According Trest KazGeologiya reports |
| Ankinovich et al. (1997) |
Liberia | |
| a reconnaissance report. USGS Bulletin ... +1 other reference |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1963) |
| Morteani et al. (2006) |
Mali | |
| Gineste (2012) |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Observed at the mine geology office by ... |
New Zealand | |
| Hector et al. (1865) |
Norway | |
| Natural History Museum +1 other reference |
| Ljøstad et al. (2023) |
Philippines | |
| PXRD by John Attard |
| Brighton Alfred collection |
Poland | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Szełęg (2007) |
| Eligiusz Szełęg collection |
| Siuda (2014) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Personally collected by Zając Piotr in ... |
| J. Witkowski | |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Ko Jansen collection | |
| Pedro Alves analytical data and ... |
| Hugo Lobo Collection |
| |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data +1 other reference |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| Identified in Rebentão Mine |
| |
Romania | |
| Onac et al. (1995) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Rădulescu Dan |
| Fischer (1954) +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| ... |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| |
Rwanda | |
| Lefèvre et al. (http://www.minsocam.org/msa/special/pig/PIG_articles/Elba%20Abstracts%2012%20Lefevre.pdf) +1 other reference |
| Bertossa (1968) +1 other reference |
Senegal | |
| Keegan et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
| www.uoguelph.ca (2003) |
| rruff.geo.arizona.edu (n.d.) |
Slovakia | |
| Ozdín D. & Bukovina J. (PO4) |
| Ozdín D. & Bukovina J. (PO4) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
South Africa | |
| Econ Geol (1989) |
Spain | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| www.foro-minerales.com (n.d.) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Bareche (2005) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
Sri Lanka | |
| Jayawardena (1976) +3 other references |
Sudan | |
| Abdelmajid et al. (2014) |
Sweden | |
| Bjällerud (1989) +1 other reference |
Uganda | |
| von Knorring et al. (1979) |
UK | |
| Weiss et al. (2007) |
| Day (1999) |
| Hey et al. (1938) +1 other reference |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Hall (1868) |
| Phillips (1823) +4 other references |
| Hall (1868) |
| Hall (1868) +1 other reference |
| Elton et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Barstow (1982) +1 other reference | |
| Young (1988) +1 other reference |
| Mason (1976) | |
| Alysson Rowan collection |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| P +1 other reference |
| Day (1999) |
| |
| Tom Cotterell collection. | |
USA | |
| Barwood et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 58:57-62. +1 other reference | |
| Henry Barwood |
| Hollabaugh et al. (1989) | |
| Barwood et al. (1978) |
| Barwood et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
| Barwood et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Rob Bowell |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Favreau (n.d.) |
| Peterson (1947) +4 other references |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Roe et al. (1980) +1 other reference |
| Mason (1976) | |
| Am Min 51:222-228: +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.:63:107. +1 other reference | |
| Arthur E. Smith (2008) | |
| Arthur E. Smith (2008) | |
| Arthur E. Smith (2008) |
| Smith (1988) |
| Howard +1 other reference |
| R&M 70:3 pp 154-170 | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Howard (2007) | |
| Smith (1988) |
| Rocks & Min.: 56:190. |
| Rocks & Min.: 64:298. | |
| Collection of Alex Earl | |
| Erroneous photos | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63: 113. +2 other references |
| Mr. Charles Calkins per dealer label. | |
| Rocks & Min.:63:118. |
| Smith (1988) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:120. |
| Smith (1988) |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Cook (2011) |
| Murdoch (1966) +3 other references |
| Rocks & Min.: 17:204. |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Carnein et al. (2005) |
| Carnein et al. (2005) | |
| Carnein et al. (2005) | |
| Carnein et al. (2005) | |
| ... | |
| Blanchard (1972) |
| rruff.geo.arizona.edu (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Altschuler et al. (1956) +1 other reference | |
| Marc V. Hurst (2012) | |
| Marc V. Hurst (2012) |
| Am Min 53:2096-2101 | |
| Rocks & Min.: 64:187. |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Barwood (1999) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 21:347 +1 other reference |
| Cook (1978) |
| Kampf et al. (2013) |
| USGS National Geochemical Database ... |
| Weed (1912) |
| Guilbert and Zeihen 1964 +1 other reference | |
| Rick Dalrymple Collection | |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Newmont Mining Corporation |
| NBMG Bull 64 Geology and Mineral ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Jensen et al. (1995) |
| Barrick Gold Corporation | |
| Dr. William S. Wise presentation to ... |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| collected by and in the collection of ... +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Collection of Kelly Starnes 1990 |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Howard et al. (2000) +3 other references |
| Smith (2005) |
| Freeport-McMoRan |
| Jerry Cone Collection | |
| Jahns et al. (1977) |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 5088 |
| Jason B. Smith collection |
| Dana 6:843. +1 other reference |
| www.mindat.org/mesg-11-168140.html |
| - (1977) |
| R&M 72:4 pp 252-264 |
| Mason (1976) | |
| Gordon (1922) |
| Personal Observation |
| U.S. Geological Survey/ U.s. Department ... |
| Genth (1875) +2 other references |
| Am Min 51:423 +2 other references |
| |
| The Mineralogy of Pennsylvania +1 other reference |
| Mark R. Heintzelman Reference collection | |
| Steve Stuart collection- Don Smoley ID |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Gordon (1922) |
| Min. Col. PA +2 other references |
| K. Cabaniss & L.E. Kearns (2011) |
| Genth (1875) |
| Miller (1971) |
| Rocks & Minerals 54:4 pp173-175 |
| Paris (2011) |
| Paris (2011) |
| Specimen from William A. Henderson |
| R&M 72:4 pp 268-270 | |
| Paris (2011) |
| Paris (2011) |
| Paris (2011) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Rocks & Min. | |
| |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Liferovich et al. (1998) |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) |
| Morrill & Chaffee | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Rocks & Min.:60:167. |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Kearns +1 other reference |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Rocks & Min.: 20:6 +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 57:20-22 & 60:168. |
| Chris Tucker Collection |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Klemic et al. (1972) +1 other reference |
Uzbekistan | |
| Mineraly Uzbekistana (Minerals of the Uzbekistan) |
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Beauvoir quarry, Échassières, Vichy, Allier, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France