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List of Syrian flags

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The following is a list of flags used in Syria.

Civil and state flags

[edit]
Flag Date Use Description
BERJAYA 2024–2025

(de facto use by the Syrian caretaker government); 2025–present (Official national flag)

 Flag of Syria 2011 design based on the 1930 flag but with 2:3 ratio and with more close and bigger stars.

Government flags

[edit]
Flag Date Use Description
BERJAYA 2025–present Flag of Syrian Government and Syrian army Emblem of Syria on green Field
BERJAYA Alternative flag of Syrian Government Emblem of Syria on basalt Field

Presidential flags and standards

[edit]
Flag Date Use Description
BERJAYA 1941–1958, 1961–1963, 2025–present Presidential standard of Syria A horizontal tricolour of black, dark green and white with a crown to the right on the center and a red triangle flipped with a white 8-pointed star inside.
BERJAYA 1958–1961 Presidential flag of the United Arab Republic A horizontal tricolour of red, white and black with 2 dark green stars. The coloured emblem of the United Arab Republic is at the top-left hoist.
BERJAYA 1963–1972 Presidential standard of Syria A horizontal tricolour of red, white and black with 3 dark green stars.[1][2]
BERJAYA 1972–1980 A horizontal tricolour of red, white and black with the emblem of Federation of Arab Republics.

Royal flags

[edit]
Flag Date Use Description
BERJAYA 1920 Royal flag of Syria A horizontal tricolour of black, dark green and white with a crown to the right on the center and a red triangle flipped with a white 8-pointed star inside.

Shahada flag

[edit]
Flag Date Use Description
BERJAYA 2024–2025 (governmental usage)
2024–present (standard usage)[3]		 Alongside the independence flag, a white flag displaying the Shahada was used during the early days of the Syrian caretaker government and its military.[4] It is still used by pro-government Syrians.[5] A white field featuring the Shahada in an elongated Thuluth script.

Administrative flags

[edit]

Administrative Divisions of the Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria

[edit]
Flag Date Use Description
BERJAYA ?–present Flag of the Jazira Region
BERJAYA ?–2024 Flag of the Afrin Region

Military flags

[edit]

Current flags

[edit]
Flag Date Use Description
BERJAYA 2025–present Flag of the Ministry of Defense Seen during an official visit by the Deputy Minister of Defense in 2025.[6]
BERJAYA Flag of the Syrian Armed Forces
BERJAYA 1950–present Flag of Syrian Navy Still in use after the end of the Ba'athist era.[7]
BERJAYA 2025–present Flag of the 42nd Division, Syrian Army Seen during training exercises of the division in 2025.[8]

Former flags

[edit]

Armed Forces

[edit]
Flag Date Use Description
BERJAYA 1961–1963 Flag of the Syrian Arab Armed Forces Used following the dissolution of the United Arab Republic. The flag is based on a green–white–black tricolour with three red stars, featuring a central emblem depicting the Hawk of Quraish. Contemporary examples show the flag bearing inscriptions including "Homeland, Honour, Sincerity!" (وطن شرف إخلاص) and "Syrian Arab Army" (الجيش العربي السوري).[9]
BERJAYA 1963–1972 Introduced after the 1963 coup d'état. The flag is based on a red–white–black tricolour with three green stars, featuring a central emblem depicting the Hawk of Quraish. As seen in contemporary footage, the flag bears inscriptions including "Homeland, Honour, Sincerity!" (وطن شرف إخلاص) and "Syrian Arab Army" (الجيش العربي السوري).[10]
BERJAYA 1980–2024 Flag of Syria with the Coat of Arms of the Syrian Armed Forces in the top left corner. Across the top the flag reads "Homeland, Honor, Sincerity!" (وطن شرف إخلاص), and "Syrian Arab Army" (الجيش العربي السوري) across the bottom.[11][12]

Army

[edit]
Flag Date Use Description
BERJAYA 1945–2024 Flag of Syrian Army Green background with the coat of arms of the army in the center.[11][12]

Air Force

[edit]
Flag Date Use Description
BERJAYA post-2007–2024 Flag of Syrian Air Force Turquoise background with their badge in the center.[11][12]

Other flags

[edit]
Flag Date Use Description
BERJAYA 1980–2024 Flag of the Chief of the General Staff
BERJAYA 1980–2024 Flag of the Ministry of Defense
BERJAYA ?–2024 Flag of the Air Force Intelligence Directorate
Link to file Flag of the National Defence Forces
BERJAYA Flag of the 3rd Armoured Division
BERJAYA Flag of the 7th Mechanized Division

Ensigns

[edit]
Ba'athist-era
Flag Date Use Description
BERJAYA 1980–2024 Flag of Syrian Air Defence Force Ensign Air force blue background with the Syrian flag to the top left hoist and the roundel of the air force at the middle of the center.[11][12]

Ethnic flags

[edit]
Flag Date Use Description
BERJAYA ?–present Flag of the Yazidis Red and white vertical blocks with a yellow 24-pointed star.[13]
BERJAYA Flag used by Syrian Druze[14][15][16] Five stripes of green, red, yellow, blue, white.
BERJAYA Flags used by Syrian Turkmens Two-part, vertically divided field of azure or turquoise and white, with red crescent and star resembling that of Turkey.
BERJAYA
BERJAYA
BERJAYA

Historical flags

[edit]

Arab Rule

[edit]
Flag Date Use Description
BERJAYA 661–750 Flag of The Umayyad Caliphate A White Field.
BERJAYA 750–940 Flag of The Abbasid Caliphate The Black Standard: a simple Black Field.

Crusader States

[edit]
Flag Date Use Description
BERJAYA 1098–1144 Flag of the County of Edessa
BERJAYA Banner of the County of Edessa
BERJAYA 1098–1268 Banner of the Principality of Antioch
BERJAYA 1102–1289 Banner of the County of Tripoli

Ayyubid Rule

[edit]
Flag Date Use Description
BERJAYA 1174–1260 Reconstruction of Saladin's personal standard A Golden Field with a crimson double-headed eagle in the center.

Mamluk Rule

[edit]
Flag Date Use Description
BERJAYA 1260–1516 Flag of The Mamluk Sultanate
BERJAYA Flag of The Mamluk Sultanate (Variant)

Ottoman Rule

[edit]
Flag Date Use Description
BERJAYA 1516–1793 Flag of the Ottoman Empire Red field with a green disc in the center and three golden crescent moons inside the disc.
BERJAYA 1793–1844 A red field with a white crescent moon and an eight-pointed star.
BERJAYA 1844–1918 A red field with a white crescent moon and a five-pointed star.

French Rule

[edit]
Flag Date Use Description
BERJAYA 1916–1940 Flag of the French Third Republic A vertical tricolour of blue, white, and red (proportions 3:2).
1940–1944 Flag of the French State
1944–1946 Flag of the Provisional Government of the French Republic
BERJAYA 1942–1944 Flag of Free France A vertical tricolour of blue, white, and red with The Cross of Lorraine.

States during French mandatory rule

[edit]
Flag Date Use Description
BERJAYA 1920–1925 Flag of the State of Aleppo
BERJAYA 1920–1925 Flag of the State of Damascus
BERJAYA 1920–1936 Flag of the Alawite State
BERJAYA 1921–1924 Flag of the Jabal Druze State
BERJAYA 1924–1936
BERJAYA 1921–1936 Civil flag of the Jabal Druze State

Hatay state

[edit]
Flag Date Use Description
BERJAYA 1938–1939 Flag of the independent Hatay State

Former Syrian states

[edit]
Flag Date Use Description
BERJAYA 1920 Flag of the Arab Kingdom of Syria Tricolor consisting of black, green and white stripes with a red triangle and a seven-pointed star. 1:2 ratio.
BERJAYA 1920–1922 Flag of the Mandate of Syria Sky blue field charged with a crescent moon at its centre and the flag of France in the upper hoist.
BERJAYA 1922–1925 Flag of the Syrian Federation Green, white, green triband with the flag of France in the upper hoist.
1925–1930 Flag of the State of Syria
BERJAYA 1930–1950 Flag of the First Syrian Republic Tricolor consisting of green, white and black stripes with three red stars in the centre white stripe. 1:2 ratio.
1950–1958 Flag of the Second Syrian Republic
BERJAYA 1921–1936 Flag of the United Arab Republic Tricolor consisting of red, white and black stripes with two green stars in the centre white stripe representing the union of Syria and Egypt. 2:3 ratio.
BERJAYA 1961–1963 Flag of the Second Syrian Republic Reversion to 1930 and 2025 design.
BERJAYA 1963–1972 Flag of the Syrian Arab Republic Tricolor consisting of red, white and black stripes with three green stars in the centre white stripe. 1:2 ratio.
BERJAYA 1972–1980 Flag of Syria in the Federation of Arab Republics Tricolor consisting of red, white and black stripes with a golden Hawk of Quraish in the centre white stripe. 2:3 ratio. Flag shared with Egypt and Libya.
BERJAYA 1980–2024 Flag of the Syrian Arab Republic Reversion to 1958 design.

Organization flags

[edit]

Pro-Ba'ath and Assad organizations

[edit]
Flag Date Use Description
Current
BERJAYA 2011–present Flag of Syrian Resistance Red background with their insignia in the middle of center.
BERJAYA 2014–present Flag of the Liwa Fatemiyoun
BERJAYA 2024–present Flag of the Islamic Resistance Front in Syria A white field with Arabic calligraphy in black, green, and red, often associated with pan-Arabism. The dominant red letter "ل" in the Arabic text extends upwards, forming a stylized rifle with a clenched fist, a common symbol of the Islamic resistance movements. Below the central inscription, the text "جبهة المقاومة الإسلامية في سوريا" (The Islamic Resistance Front in Syria) identifies the group.
Former
2013–2024 Flag of Sootoro White background with the logo in the middle of center.
BERJAYA 2012–2024 Ceremonial flag of Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas Gold bordered banner with the gold colored text "يا قمر بني هاشم" (O Moon of the Hashemite Clan) in Arabic calligraphy

Anti-Ba'ath and Assad organizations

[edit]

Syrian National Army

[edit]
Flag Date Use Description
BERJAYA 2012–? Alternative flag of the Mountain Hawks Brigade
BERJAYA 2012–2015 Flag of the Knights of Justice Brigade White background with red Arabic text on the top and bottom with a horse's head mixed with the old Syrian flag.
BERJAYA 2013–? Flag of the Mu'tasim Division
BERJAYA 2013–2025 Flag of the Sultan Murad Brigade A red background with golden Arabic text with a golden line separating two lines.[17]
Link to file 2013–2016 Flag of Ahrar al-Sham
BERJAYA 2016–2025 White background with a green half-flower at the middle-top with the Arabic calligraphy "حركة أحرار الشام الإسلامية" (Ahrar al-Sham Islamic Movement) below it, a green line below that with the text "أحرار الشام" (Ahrar al-Sham) below that
BERJAYA 2014–2015 Flag of the Hazzm Movement White background with the text shahada with two swords merged and one green Arabic text at the bottom.
BERJAYA 2014–2025 Flag of the Sham Legion White background with the logo in the middle of center.
BERJAYA 2015‒? A variant of the Syrian opposition flag used by Descendants of Saladin Brigade A horizontal tricolour of green, white, and black. Centered on the white stripe are three red symbols spaced side by side: on the left is a cross, in the middle is a Kurdish Sun, and on the right is a crescent.
BERJAYA 2015–2025 Flag of the Jaysh al-Nasr
BERJAYA 2016–2025 Flag of the Sultan Suleiman Shah Division
BERJAYA 2018–2025 Flag of the National Front for Liberation
FlagDateUseDescription
Syrian Revolutionary Command Council
BERJAYA2014‒2015Flag of the Syrian Revolutionary Command CouncilWhite background with an eagle that is colored with the flag of the Syrian revolution that also has the shape of two and shaking with the text below it "مجلس قيادة الثورة السورية" and "SYRIAN REVOLUTION COMMAND COUNCIL"
BERJAYA2014Flag of the 5th Corps
BERJAYA 2013–present Alternate flag of the 21st Combined Force Syrian revolutionary flag with the yellow text "تجمع القوة 21" (21st Combined Force) below it
BERJAYA Former flag of the 21st Combined Force
BERJAYA 2014–2017 Flag of the Army of Mujahedeen
BERJAYA 2013–2014 Administration flag of the Islamic Front White background with the shahada text on top, then the logo on black at the bottom.
BERJAYA War flag of the Islamic Front Black background with the shahda text on top, then the logo at the bottom.
BERJAYA 2015–2025 Administration flag of the Jaysh Al Islam
BERJAYA War flag of the Jaysh Al Islam
FlagDateUseDescription
Syrian Salvation Government
BERJAYA2018–2024Flag of the Syrian Salvation GovernmentA horizontal tricolour of green, white, and black. Centered with a red shahada.
BERJAYA2017–2024Flag of Hay'at Tahrir al-ShamWhite field with a teal horizontal stripe and a central circular emblem containing the Shahada in white Arabic calligraphy on a green background, surrounded by a black-and-white Greek key pattern.
Link to File2015–presentFlag of Ajnad Al-KavkazBlack field with white Arabic inscriptions, including the Shahada at the top and the name "أجناد القوقاز" (Ajnad al-Kavkaz) at the bottom, separated by a stylized mountain emblem representing the Caucasus region. Black representing defiance and white symbolizing faith and purity.
BERJAYA 2012–present Flag of Katibat Jabal al-Islam White field with black Shahada (Islamic declaration of faith) in bold Kufic script, while the Seal of Muhammad, containing the words "Muhammad is the messenger of Allah," is centrally positioned in a circular format. Below, the text "كتيبة جبل الإسلام" (Katibat Jabal al-Islam) identifies the militant group.
BERJAYA 2016–present Flag of Junud al-Makhdi Green field, which may symbolize paradise or religious devotion in Islamic eschatology, with the Shahada inscribed in black and white Kufic script across the center. On the hoist side, a circular seal containing the words “Muhammad is the messenger of Allah”, a common element in jihadist flags.
BERJAYA 2019 – present Flag of the Movement of Salah al-Din the Kurd Green field with the Shahada (Islamic declaration of faith) inscribed in white Thuluth script,
BERJAYA 2019 – present Flag of the Islamic Jihad Union
BERJAYA 2017– present Flag of Katibat al-Ghuraba al-Turkestan
FlagDateUseDescription
Other Free Syrian Army affiliated organizations
BERJAYA2012–2024Flag of the Ansar al-Sham
BERJAYA2014–2015Flag of the Unified Military Command of Eastern GhoutaBanner with white Shahada calligraphy with a yellow outline
BERJAYA 2012‒2016 Flag of Leon Sedov Brigade

Salafi Jihadist groups

[edit]
FlagDateUseDescription
BERJAYA 2012‒2016 Flag of the Jabhat al-Nusra
BERJAYA 2016‒2017
BERJAYA 2012‒2016 Flag of Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham
BERJAYA 2014‒2015 Flag of Mujahideen Shura Council
BERJAYA 2014–2017 Flag of Jund al-Aqsa Black background with white Shahada calligraphy with the text "جند الأقصى" (Jund al-Aqsa) below it
BERJAYA ?–present Flag of Imam Bukhari Jamaat Black background with a white shahada with the text "جماعة الإمام البخاري" (Imam Bukhari Jamaat) under it
BERJAYA 2018‒2020 Flag of Rouse the Believers Operations Room
BERJAYA 2018‒2025 Flag of Ansar al-Tawhid
BERJAYA 2018‒2025 Flag of Tanzim Hurras al-Din
BERJAYA Alternate flag of Tanzim Hurras al-Din
BERJAYA 2014‒present Flag of Ansar al-Din Front
BERJAYA 2014‒2016Flag of Harakat Sham al-IslamBlack background with a bent line with the crescent joint, under them is the shahada text with another Arabic text at the bottom.
BERJAYA 2001-2003 Flag of Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan
2007‒2025 Flag of Jama'at Ansar al-Islam
BERJAYA 2020‒? Flag of Jihad Coordination
BERJAYA 2020‒? Flag of the Ansar Fighters Brigade
BERJAYA 2007‒2016 Flag of Caucasian Emirate
BERJAYA 2013‒2017 Flag of Ajnad al-Sham Black background with white Shahada calligraphy with the text "أجناد الشام" (Ajnad al-Sham) under it
BERJAYA 2012–Present Flag of Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar Black background with a white shahada above a sword with the text "لواء المهاجرون والأنصار" (Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar) under it
BERJAYA 2013‒2014 Flag of the Green Battalion
BERJAYA 2014‒present Flag of Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
BERJAYA 2017‒present Flag of Imam Bukhari Jamaat
BERJAYA 2006–present Flag of Fatah al-Islam
BERJAYA early 2012–2015 Flag of Liwaa al-Umma Black background with the shahada text with a sword at the bottom of it with another Arabic text on the bottom of it.
BERJAYA 2025–present Flag of Saraya Ansar al-Sunnah
BERJAYA 2012–2016 Flag of Islamic Muthanna Movement

Kurdish and pro-Kurdish organizations

[edit]
FlagDateUseDescription
BERJAYA10 October 2015–presentFlag of the Syrian Democratic ForcesLight yellow background with the map of Syria (Including the disputed Hatay Province) with the Euphrates river as well with the text below it, "قوات سوريا الديمقراطية", and "Hêzên Sûriya Demokratîk", and "ܚܝ̈ܠܘܬܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܐ ܕܝܡܩܪܛܝܬܐ" all translating to the Syrian Democratic Forces.
BERJAYA2011–presentFlag of the People's Defense UnitsYellow banner with a green outline with a red star with a green outline in the middle containing the letters "YPG" on the left, right, and bottom of the star, respectively.
BERJAYA2011–presentFlag of the YPG InternationalYellow banner with a green outline with a red star with a green outline and a black stripe behind it with the white text in the middle of the red star "YPG" and on the black stripe the white text being "Enternasyonel".
BERJAYAApril 2013–presentFlag of the Women's Protection UnitsGreen banner with a yellow outline with a red star with a yellow outline with the yellow text "YPJ" on the right, bottom, and left of the star, respectively.
BERJAYA2003–presentFlag of the Democratic Union Party
BERJAYA2011–presentFlag of the Movement for a Democratic Society
BERJAYA?–presentFlag of the Al-Sanadid Forces
?–presentFlag of the Seljuk Brigade
BERJAYA 2014–2018Flag of Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa
BERJAYA2013–presentFlag of the Syriac Military Council
BERJAYA?–presentFlag of the Syriac Military Council
BERJAYA2019–presentFlag of the Martyr Nubar Ozanyan Brigade
Link to File?–presentFlag of the Manbij Military Council
BERJAYA?–presentFlag of the Euphrates Liberation Brigade
Link to File?–presentFlag of the Al-Bab Military Council
Link to File?–presentFlag of the Jarabulus Military Council
BERJAYA?–presentFlag of the Deir ez-Zor Military Council
Link to File?–presentFlag of the Serê Kaniyê Military Council
Link to File?–presentFlag of the Tal Abyad Military Council
Link to File?–presentFlag of the Asayish
BERJAYA?–presentFlag of the Self-Defense Forces (NES regions)
BERJAYA ?–presentFlag of the People's Defence Forces
BERJAYA?–presentFlag of the Free Women's Units
BERJAYA 2014–2015Flag of the People's Liberation Faction
BERJAYA?–presentFlag of the International Freedom Battalion
BERJAYA2005–presentFlag of the Kurdistan Workers' Party
BERJAYA?–presentFlag of the Marxist–Leninist Communist Party (Turkey)
BERJAYA ?–presentFlag of the Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist
BERJAYA?–presentFlag of the Liberation Army of the Workers and Peasants of Turkey
BERJAYA?–presentFlag of the Maoist Communist Party (Turkey)
BERJAYA?–presentFlag of the United Freedom Forces
BERJAYA?–presentFlag of the Marxist–Leninist Armed Propaganda Unit
BERJAYA?–presentFlag of the Revolutionary Communard Party
BERJAYA?–presentFlag of Türkiye Devrim Partisi
BERJAYA?–presentFlag of Sosyal İsyan
BERJAYA?–presentFlag of Kadın Özgürlük Gücü
BERJAYA?–2017Flag of Devrimci Karargâh
BERJAYA2014–presentFlag of the Marxist–Leninist Party (Communist Reconstruction)
BERJAYA?–presentFlag of the Communist Labour Party of Turkey/Leninist
BERJAYA?–presentFlag of the Revolutionary Communard Party/Birli
BERJAYA?–presentFlag of the Revolutionary Union for Internationalist Solidarity
BERJAYA?–2018Flag of the International Revolutionary People's Guerrilla Forces
BERJAYA?–2018Flag of the Queer Insurrection and Liberation Army
BERJAYA?–presentFlag of the Bob Crow Brigade
BERJAYA2017–presentFlag of the Anarchist Struggle
BERJAYA?–presentFlag of the Henri Krasucki Brigade

Political party flags

[edit]
FlagDateUseDescription
BERJAYA1986–presentFlag of Syrian Communist PartyRed background with the communist symbol.
BERJAYA2013–2024Flag of Arab Nationalist GuardBlack background with the emblem colors switched.
BERJAYA1963–2024Flag of Ba'ath PartyBlack, white and green horizontal rectangles with a red flipped triangle to the left hoist.
BERJAYA2017–presentFlag of Democratic Union PartyWhite background with their emblem.
BERJAYA1932–presentFlag of Syrian Social Nationalist PartyBlack background with their logo.
BERJAYA2015–presentFlag of Turkistan Islamic PartyBlack field with the Shahada at the top in calligraphy. Below, in smaller Arabic script, the text reads “الحزب الإسلامي التركستاني لنصرة أهل الشام” (Turkistan Islamic Party for the Support of the People of al-Sham). Black represents militancy and religious struggle, and white symbolizes purity and faith.[18]
Link to File2000–2005Flag of Bethnahrin National CouncilBlue background with a 32-pointed yellow star and wheats crossed below it, below the wheats are Syriac Aramaic text and the text "GHB". On the top left hoist is a red shooting star.[19][20]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ "Siria e Irak". rbvex.it. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
  2. ↑ Pedersen, Christian Fogd (1971). The international flag book in color (in English and Danish). Internet Archive. New York, Morrow.
  3. ↑ Press, Associated (2025-12-28). "4 dead, dozens injured in Syria during clashes between Alawites and counterdemonstrators". News-Press NOW. Retrieved 2026-01-12.
  4. ↑ "New regime in Syria said to appoint some foreign Islamist fighters to military". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 2025-01-29.
  5. ↑ "Syrians celebrate 'renewed hope' one year after the fall of the Assad dictatorship". 2025-12-09. Retrieved 2026-01-12.
  6. ↑ "وزارة الدفاع السورية (Syrian Ministry of Defense)". Telegram. Retrieved 2025-08-26.
  7. ↑ "وزارة الدفاع السورية (Syrian Ministry of Defense)". Telegram. Retrieved 2025-08-26.
  8. ↑ "وزارة الدفاع السورية (Syrian Ministry of Defense)". Telegram. Retrieved 2025-08-27.
  9. ↑ "The Fine Sale – Specialist Collectors' Militaria". Batemans. Retrieved 2026-04-17.
  10. ↑ "Lt. General Amin al-Hafiz | Officers Graduate At The Syrian Military University Of Homs | May 1964". YouTube. Reuters. Retrieved 2026-04-17.
  11. 1 2 3 4 "Blast strikes at regime's heart". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
  12. 1 2 3 4 "Tanks roll in Damascus as battle intensifes". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
  13. ↑ "The Yazidis: Their Beliefs and the Basis Of The Islamic-State-Led Genocide". NATO. 26 March 2015. Retrieved 2015-07-24.
  14. ↑ "Charles Lister (@Charles_Lister) on X". X (formerly Twitter).
  15. ↑ "Lee Golden (@LeeGolden6) on X". X (formerly Twitter).
  16. ↑ "TRT World (@trtworld) on X". X (formerly Twitter). 2024-12-21. Retrieved 2026-08-13.
  17. ↑ "Sultan Murat Tümeni". Sultan Murat Tumeni. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
  18. ↑ "Flag of the Turkistan Islamic Party". marefa.com. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  19. ↑ "The Revolutionaries of Bethnahrin". ishtartv.com. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
  20. ↑ "January 21, 2002". Zinda Magazine. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
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