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Semnani languages

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Semnani
Geographic
distribution		Iran
Linguistic classificationIndo-European
Subdivisions
Language codes
Glottologsemn1249  Semnani–Biyabuneki
komi1276  Komisenian

The Semnani languages or Komisenian languages are a group of Northwestern Iranian languages,[2] spoken in Semnan province of Iran that share many linguistic features and structures with most other Iranian languages, and are part of the Caspian languages. There are six Semnani languages named in the literature. Some may be dialects, but there is little published work on their relationships.[3]Semnani (incl. one of several dialects termed 'Biyabunaki'), Sangsari, Sorkhei, Aftari and Lasgerdi.

Grammar

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Grammatical gender

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Within the Semnani group, grammatical gender is a distinct feature attested in Semnani, Sangsari and Momenabadi, similar to Zaza and Tati. The morphosyntactic locus of gender agreement varies cross-linguistically, manifesting in nominal affixes, articles, third-person singular pronouns, and verbal inflection.[4][5]

Numbers

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Numbers in the Semnani languages and other closely related languages Zaza and Tati and their relationship with Avestan and Parthian are as follows:[6][7][8]

one two three four five six seven eight nine ten twenty
Avestan[9] aēva/aēvā (m./f.) dva hrī čahwar panca hšvaš hapta ašta nava dasa vīsati
Parthian[10] ēw dō hrē čafār panǰ šwah haft hašt nah das wist
Semnani i/iya (m./f.) do heyra čār panǰ šaš haft hašt na das vist
Sorkhei i do heré čār panǰ šaš haft hašt na das vist
Lasgerdi i do heyré čār panǰ šaš haft hašt na das vist
Biyabunaki i dū häirä čāhār pahānǰ šāš hāft hāšt nā dās vist
Zaza žew/žû (m./f.) di hīrē čahār panǰ šaš hawt hašt naw das vist
Tati[11] iv/iva (m./f.) de here čö pinǰ šoš hoft hašt növ doh vist
Harzandi[12] i de heri čö pinǰ šaš hoft hašt nov da vist
Kilit[13] ivi dèv he čoy pinǰ šaš haft hašt nav dah vist

Cognate sets

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Source:[14]

English Sorkhei Lasgerdi Sangsari Aftari Biyabunaki
horse esbā esbe esbe espa esba
girl dukkey dot döt dut dut
blood xün xün
large masīn masīn mas/yale masīn
nose ven vinī xunī vinī vēnī
snow vār var varf var
serpent mohur mahar
moon mūng māye
woman žiki žaki žekeyn džek džinakā

notes

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References

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  1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Semnani-Biyabuneki". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. ↑ Ethnologue listing for Semnani languages
  3. ↑ C.F. & F.M. Voegelin, Classification and Index of the World's Languages (1977) lists them as dialects of Persian (pg. 185).
    Lecoq, pg. 297 lists them as "dialects" as well.
    Ethnologue lists Semnani, Sorkhei, Lasgerdi, and Sangsari as languages with Biyabunaki as a possible dialect of Semnani and Aftari as a dialect of Sorkhei.
    Linguasphere lists them together in an outer language called Semnani+Sangisari [58-AAC-f] with Semnani and Sangisari listed as inner languages.
    Merritt Ruhlen, A Guide to the World's Languages, Volume 1: Classification (1991) lists Semnani and Sangisari as languages in the Semnani subgroup.
  4. ↑ Lecoq, Pierre (1989). "Les Dialectes Caspiens Et Les Dialectes Du Nord-ouest De L'iran". In Schmitt, Rüdiger (ed.). Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum (in French). Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. 307-311. ISBN 3-88226-413-6.
  5. ↑ Borjian, Habib (2026). Korangy, Alireza; Khoshsirat, Zia (eds.). How Many Languages Are spoken in Semnan Area?: Typology and Origins of Komisenian Languages. Caspian Languages and Linguistics. Singapore: Springer Singapore. p. 23.
  6. ↑ Lecoq, Pierre (1989). "Les Dialectes Caspiens Et Les Dialectes Du Nord-ouest De L'iran". In Schmitt, Rüdiger (ed.). Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum (in French). Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. 303, 308. ISBN 3-88226-413-6.
  7. ↑ Т. Н, Пахалина (1999). "Языки мира: Иранские языки. II. Северо-западные иранские языки" (PDF). Министерство науки и высшего образования Ро. РОССИЙСКАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ НАУК. 76, 155, 159, 162.
  8. ↑ Paul, Ludwig (2009). "Zazaki". In Windfuhr, Gernot (ed.). The Iranian Languages. New York: Routledge. p. 554. ISBN 978-0-7007-1131-4.
  9. ↑ Jackson, Abraham Valentine Williams (1892). An Avesta Grammar in Comparison With Sanskrit. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer. pp. 106–108.
  10. ↑ Skjaervo, Prods Oktor (2009). "Middle West Iranian". In Windfuhr, Gernot (ed.). The Iranian Languages. New York: Routledge. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-7007-1131-4.
  11. ↑ Yarshater, Ehsan (1970). "The Tati Dialects of Tārom". In Boyce, Mary; Gershevitch, Ilya (eds.). W. B. Henning Memorial Volume. Asia Major Library. London: Lund Humphries. p. 460.
  12. ↑ کارنگ, عبدالعلی (1952). تاتی و هرزنی دو لهجه از زبان باستان آذربایجان [Tati, Harzani, two dialects from the ancient language of Azerbaijan] (in Persian). تبریز: چاپخانه‌ی شفق. p. 84.
  13. ↑ Гасанов, Агамали (1966). О "тайном" Языке Жителей Села Килит Нахичеванской Асср [About The "Secret" Language Of The Residents Of The Village Of Kilit, Nakhchivan Assr] (in Russian). Baku: ИЗДАТЕЛЬСТВО АКАДЕМИИ НАУК АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНСКОЙ ССР. p. 91.
  14. ↑ Lecoq, pg. 310.

Bibliography

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  • Borjian, Habib (2008). "The Komisenian Dialect of Aftar". Archiv Orientální. 76: 379–416. doi:10.7916/D8N02H9X.
  • Lecoq, Pierre (1989). "Les dialectes caspiens et les dialectes du nord-ouest de l'Iran". In Schmitt, Rüdiger (ed.). Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. pp. 296–314.
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