Governor-General of the Philippines
 | This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Governors-general numbering should be double-checked. Dates may be incorrect. (June 2013) |
| Governor-General of the Philippines | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gobernador y Capitán General de Filipinas Gobernador-Heneral ng Pilipinas フィリピン総督 | |||||
| |||||
| Residence | Fort San Pedro (1565–1572) Palacio del Gobernador (1572–1863) Malacañang Palace (1863–1945) Mansion House (1942–1945) | ||||
| Appointer |  Viceroy of New Spain Monarch of Spain Monarch of Great Britain President of the United States Emperor of Japan | ||||
| Precursor | Various, the barangay system | ||||
| Formation | April 27, 1565 | ||||
| First holder | Miguel López de Legazpi (under Spain) Dawsonne Drake (under Great Britain) Wesley Merritt (under the United States) Masaharu Homma (under the Empire of Japan) | ||||
| Final holder | Diego de los Ríos (under Spain) Dawsonne Drake (under Great Britain) Frank Murphy (under the United States) Tomoyuki Yamashita (under the Empire of Japan) | ||||
| Abolished | October 6, 1945 | ||||
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The governor-general of the Philippine[note 1] was the chief executive of the colonial government in the Philippines under Spanish (1565–1898), American (1898–1946), British (1762–1764), and Japanese (1942–1945) rule. During the Spanish period, the office was formally known as the captain general of the Philippines (Spanish: Capitán General de Filipinas; Filipino: Kapitan Heneral ng Pilipinas). The governor-general also served as the representative of the executive authority of the ruling power.
On November 15, 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was established as a transitional government to prepare the country for independence from American rule. The governor-general was replaced by an elected Filipino president of the Philippines, who assumed many of the duties of the office as chief executive of the Commonwealth. The last American governor-general subsequently became the high commissioner to the Philippines.
From 1565 to 1898, the Philippines was under Spanish rule. From 1565 to 1821, the governor and captain-general was appointed by the viceroy of New Spain and governed the Captaincy General of the Philippines on behalf of the monarch of Spain. During vacancies in the office, such as upon the death of an incumbent or during transitional periods between appointments, the Real Audiencia of Manila appointed a temporary governor from among its members.
Following the Mexican War of Independence in 1821, New Spain ceased to exist and the administrative affairs of the Philippines that had previously been handled through Mexico City were transferred directly to Madrid and placed under the authority of the Spanish Crown.
Under New Spain (1565–1764)
[edit]| No. | Portrait | Name | Tenure start | Tenure end | Viceroy of New Spain | Secretary of the Indies | Valido Secretary of the Universal Bureau First Secretary of State |
Regent | Monarch |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  |
Miguel López de Legazpi (1502–1572) |
April 27, 1565 |
August 20, 1572 |
Francisco Ceinos Dean of the Audiencia (1564–1566) |
Vacant (Overseas Affairs hold by the President of the Council of the Indies) | No valido | No regency | Philip II (1556–1598) |
| Gastón de Peralta 3rd Marquess of Falces (1566–1567) | |||||||||
| Alonso Muñoz and Luis Carrillo (1567–1568) | |||||||||
| Alonso Muñoz (1568) | |||||||||
| Francisco Ceinos Dean of the Audiencia (1564–1566) | |||||||||
| Martín Enríquez de Almanza (1568–1580) | |||||||||
| 2 |  |
Guido de Lavezaris (1512–1581) |
August 20, 1572 |
August 25, 1575 | |||||
| 3 |  |
Francisco de Sande (1540–1602) |
August 25, 1575 |
April 1580 | |||||
| 4 |  |
Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa (died 1583) |
April 1580 |
March 10, 1583 | |||||
| Lorenzo Suárez de Mendoza 5th Count of Coruña (1580–1583) | |||||||||
| 5 |  |
Diego Ronquillo Acting Governor-General |
March 10, 1583 |
May 16, 1584 | |||||
| Luis de Villanueva y Zapata Dean of the Audiencia (1583–1584) | |||||||||
| 6 |  |
Santiago de Vera (died 1606) |
May 16, 1584 |
May 1590 | |||||
| Pedro Moya de Contreras Archbishop of Mexico (1584–1585) | |||||||||
| Álvaro Manrique de Zúñiga 1st Marquess of Villamanrique (1585–1590) | |||||||||
| Luis de Velasco 1st Marquess of Salinas (1590–1595) | |||||||||
| 7 |  |
Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas (1519–1593) |
June 1, 1590 |
October 25, 1593 | |||||
| 8 |  |
Pedro de Rojas Acting Governor-General |
October 1593 |
December 3, 1593 | |||||
| 9 |  |
Luis Pérez Dasmariñas (1567/1568–1603) |
December 3, 1593 |
July 14, 1596 | |||||
| Gaspar de Zúñiga 5th Count of Monterrey (1595–1603) | |||||||||
| Duke of Lerma (1598–1618)[note 2] | Philip III (1598–1621) | ||||||||
| 10 |  |
Francisco de Tello de Guzmán (1532–1603) |
July 14, 1596 |
May 1602 | |||||
| 11 |  |
Pedro Bravo de Acuña (died 1606) |
May 1602 |
June 24, 1606 | |||||
| Juan de Mendoza y Luna 3rd Marquess of Montesclaros (1603–1607) | |||||||||
| 12 |  |
Cristóbal Téllez Almazán Real Audiencia (died 1612) |
June 24, 1606 |
June 15, 1608 | |||||
| Luis de Velasco 1st Marquess of Salinas (1607–1611) | |||||||||
| 13 |  |
Rodrigo de Vivero Acting Governor-General (1564–1636) |
June 15, 1608 |
April 1609 | |||||
| 14 |  |
Juan de Silva (died 1616) |
April 1609 |
April 19, 1616 | |||||
| García Guerra Archbishop of Mexico (1611–1612) | |||||||||
| Pedro Otárola Dean of the Audiencia (1612) | |||||||||
| Diego Fernández de Córdoba 1st Marquess of Guadalcázar (1612–1621) | |||||||||
| 15 |  |
Andrés de Alcaraz Real Audiencia |
April 19, 1616 |
July 3, 1618 | |||||
| 16 |  |
Alonso Fajardo de Tenza (died 1624) |
July 3, 1618 |
July 1624 | |||||
| Cristóbal Gómez de Sandoval (1618–1621)[note 2] | |||||||||
| Paz de Valecillo Dean of the Audiencia (1621) | |||||||||
| Baltasar de Zúñiga (1621–1622)[note 2] | Philip IV (1621–1665) | ||||||||
| Diego Carrillo de Mendoza 1st Marquess of Gélves (1621–1624) | |||||||||
| Count-Duke of Olivares (1622–1644)[note 2] | |||||||||
| 17 |  |
Jeronimo de Silva Real Audiencia |
July 1624 |
June 1625 | |||||
| Rodrigo Pacheco 3rd Marquess of Cerralvo (1624–1635) | |||||||||
| 18 |  |
Fernándo de Silva Acting Governor-General |
June 1625 |
June 29, 1626 | |||||
| 19 |  |
Juan Niño de Tabora (died 1632) |
June 29, 1626 |
July 22, 1632 | |||||
| 20 |  |
Lorenzo de Olaso Real Audiencia |
July 22, 1632 |
1633 | |||||
| 21 |  |
Juan Cerezo de Salamanca Acting Governor-General |
August 29, 1633 |
June 25, 1635 | |||||
| 22 |  |
Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera (1587–1660) |
June 25, 1635 |
August 11, 1644 | |||||
| Lope Díez de Armendáriz 1st Marquess of Cadreita (1635–1640) | |||||||||
| Diego López Pacheco 7th Duke of Escalona (1640–1642) | |||||||||
| Juan de Palafox y Mendoza Bishop of Puebla (1642) | |||||||||
| García Sarmiento de Sotomayor 2nd Count of Salvatierra (1642–1648) | |||||||||
| Luis de Haro (1644–1661)[note 2] | |||||||||
| 23 |  |
Diego Fajardo Chacón | August 11, 1644 |
July 25, 1653 | |||||
| Marcos de Torres y Rueda Bishop of Yucatan (1648–1649) | |||||||||
| Matías de Peralta Dean of the Audiencia (1649–1650) | |||||||||
| Luis Enríquez de Guzmán 9th Count of Alba de Liste (1650–1653) | |||||||||
| 24 |  |
Sabiniano Manrique de Lara (1606–1679) |
July 25, 1653 |
September 8, 1663 | |||||
| Francisco Fernández de la Cueva 8th Duke of Alburquerque (1653–1660) | |||||||||
| Juan Francisco Leiva y de la Cerda 5th Marquess of Adrada (1660–1664) | |||||||||
| No valido (1661–1665)[note 3] | |||||||||
| 25 |  |
Diego de Salcedo | September 8, 1663 |
September 28, 1668 | |||||
| Diego Osorio de Escobar y Llamas Bishop of Puebla (1664) | |||||||||
| Antonio Sebastián Álvarez de Toledo 2nd Marquess of Mancera (1664–1673) | |||||||||
| Juan Everardo Nithard (1665–1669)[note 2] | Mariana of Austria (1665–1675)[note 4] | Charles II (1665–1700) | |||||||
| 26 |  |
Juan Manuel de la Peña Bonifaz Acting Governor-General (died 1669) |
September 28, 1668 |
September 24, 1669 | |||||
| Fernando de Valenzuela (1666–1677)[note 2] | |||||||||
| 27 |  |
Manuel de León | September 24, 1669 |
September 21, 1677 | |||||
| Payo Enríquez de Rivera Bishop of Puebla and Archbishop of Mexico (1673–1680) | |||||||||
| No regency | |||||||||
| John Joseph of Austria (1677–1679)[note 5] | |||||||||
| 28 |  |
Francisco Coloma y Maceda Real Audiencia (1617–1677) |
April 11, 1677 |
September 25, 1677 | |||||
| 29 |  |
Francisco de Montemayor y Mansilla Real Audiencia |
September 21, 1677 |
September 28, 1678 | |||||
| 30 |  |
Juan de Vargas Hurtado | September 28, 1678 |
August 24, 1684 | |||||
| Duke of Medinaceli (1679–1685)[note 5] | |||||||||
| Tomás de la Cerda 3rd Marquess of la Laguna de Camero Viejo (1680–1686) | |||||||||
| 31 |  |
Gabriel de Curucealegui y Arriola | August 24, 1684 |
April 1689 | |||||
| Count of Oropesa (1685–1691)[note 5] | |||||||||
| Melchor Portocarrero 3rd Count of Monclova (1686–1688) | |||||||||
| Gaspar de la Cerda 8th Count of Galve (1688–1696) | |||||||||
| 32 |  |
Alonso de Abella Fuertes Real Audiencia |
April 1689 |
July 1690 | |||||
| 33 |  |
Fausto Cruzat y Góngora (died 1702) |
July 25, 1690 |
December 8, 1701 | |||||
| No valido (1691–1698)[note 6] | |||||||||
| Juan Ortega y Montañés Bishop of Durango, Bishop of Guatemala, Bishop of Michoacán and Archbishop of Mexico (1696) | |||||||||
| José Sarmiento de Valladares 1st Duke of Atrisco (1696–1701) | |||||||||
| Count of Oropesa (1691–1699)[note 5] | |||||||||
| Cardinal Portocarrero (1699–1700)[note 2] | |||||||||
| Cardinal Portocarrero (1700)[note 7] | |||||||||
| Government Board of the Realms (1700–1701)[note 8] | Vacant[note 9] | ||||||||
| Antonio de Ubilla (1700–1704)[note 10] | Philip V (1700–1724) | ||||||||
| No regency | |||||||||
| Cardinal Portocarrero (1701–1703)[note 11] | |||||||||
| 34 |  |
Domingo Zabálburu de Echevarri | December 8, 1701 |
August 25, 1709 |
Juan Ortega y Montañés Archbishop of Mexico (1701–1702) | ||||
| Francisco Fernández de la Cueva 1st Duke of Alburquerque (1702–1710) | |||||||||
| No regency | |||||||||
| Marquis of Mejorada del Campo (1704–1714)[note 10] | |||||||||
| 35 |  |
Martín de Ursúa' y Arismendi 1st Count of Lizárraga (1653–1715) |
August 25, 1709 |
February 4, 1715 | |||||
| Fernando de Alencastre 1st Duke of Linares (1710–1716) | |||||||||
| Manuel Vadillo y Velasco (1714)[note 10] | |||||||||
| José de Grimaldo (1714–1724)[note 10] | |||||||||
| Bernardo Tinajero de la Escalera (1714–1715)[note 12] | |||||||||
| 36 |  |
José Torralba Real Audiencia (1653–1726) |
February 4, 1715 |
August 9, 1717 | |||||
| No secretary (1715–1720) | |||||||||
| Baltasar de Zúñiga 1st Duke of Arión (1716–1722) | |||||||||
| 37 |  |
Fernando Manuel de Bustillo Bustamante y Rueda (died 1719) |
August 9, 1717 |
October 11, 1719 | |||||
| 38 |  |
Francisco de la Cuesta Archbishop of Manila Acting Governor-General (1661–1724) |
October 11, 1719 |
August 6, 1721 | |||||
| Miguel Fernández Durán (1720–1721)[note 12] | |||||||||
| Andres Matías de Pes Marzaraga (1721–1723)[note 12] | |||||||||
| 39 |  |
Toribio de Cossío | August 6, 1721 |
August 14, 1729 | |||||
| Juan de Acuña 1st Marquess of Casa Fuerte (1722–1734) | |||||||||
| No secretary (1723–1724) | |||||||||
| Antonio de Sopeña y Mioño (1724–1726)[note 12] | |||||||||
| Juan Bautista de Orendáin (1724)[note 10] | |||||||||
| Louis I (1724) | |||||||||
| Philip V (1724–1746) | |||||||||
| José de Grimaldo (1724–1725)[note 10] | |||||||||
| Baron Ripperda (1725–1726)[note 10] | |||||||||
| José de Grimaldo (1726)[note 10] | |||||||||
| José de Patiño y Rosales (1726–1736)[note 12] | |||||||||
| Juan Bautista de Orendáin(1726–1734)[note 10] | |||||||||
| 40 |  |
Fernándo Valdés Tamón | August 14, 1729 |
July 1739 | |||||
| Juan Antonio de Vizarrón y Eguiarreta Archbishop of Mexico (1734–1740) | |||||||||
| José de Patiño y Rosales (1734–1736)[note 13] | |||||||||
| Marquis of Villarías (1736–1746)[note 13] | |||||||||
| Mateo Pablo Díaz de Lavandero (1736–1739)[note 12] | |||||||||
| 41 |  |
Gaspar de la Torre y Ayala (died 1745) |
July 1739 |
September 21, 1745 | |||||
| Marquis of Villarías (1739–1743)[note 12] | |||||||||
| Pedro de Castro 1st Duke of la Conquista (1740–1741) | |||||||||
| Pedro Malo de Villavicencio President of the Audiencia (1741–1742) | |||||||||
| Pedro Cebrián 5th Count of Fuenclara (1742–1746) | |||||||||
| 42 |  |
Juan de Arechederra Bishop-elect of Nueva Segovia Acting Governor-General (1681–1751) |
September 21, 1745 |
July 20, 1750 | |||||
| Marquess of Ensenada (1743–1754)[note 12] | |||||||||
| Juan Francisco de Güemes y Horcasitas 1st Count of Revillagigedo (1746–1755) |
Ferdinand VI (1746–1759) | ||||||||
| José de Carvajal (1746–1754)[note 13] | |||||||||
| 43 |  |
Francisco José de Ovando 1st Marquess of Brindisi (1693–1755) |
July 20, 1750 |
July 26, 1754 | |||||
| Duke of Huéscar (1754) Interim[note 13] | |||||||||
| Ricardo Wall (1754–1763)[note 13] | |||||||||
| Ricardo Wall (1754) Interim[note 14] | |||||||||
| Julián de Arriaga y Ribera (1754–1776)[note 14] | |||||||||
| 44 |  |
Pedro Manuel de Arandía Santisteban (1699–1759) |
July 26, 1754 |
May 31, 1759 | |||||
| Agustín de Ahumada 2nd Marquess of Amarillas (1755–1760) | |||||||||
| 45 |  |
Miguel Lino de Ezpeleta Bishop of Cebu Acting Governor-General (1701–1771) |
June 1759 |
May 31, 1761 | |||||
| Elisabeth Farnese (1759)[note 15] | Charles III (1759–1788) | ||||||||
| No regency | |||||||||
| Francisco Antonio de Echávarri Dean of the Audiencia (1760) | |||||||||
| Francisco Cajigal de la Vega (1760) | |||||||||
| Joaquín de Montserrat 1st Marquess of Cruillas (1760–1766) | |||||||||
| 46 |  |
Manuel Rojo del Río y Vieyra Archbishop of Manila Acting Governor-General (1708–1764) |
July 1761 |
October 6, 1762 |
British occupation of Manila (1762–1764)
[edit]After the Spanish defeat at the Battle of Manila in 1762, the Philippines was briefly governed simultaneously by two Governors-General, one of the Spanish Empire and one of the British Empire.
Great Britain shortly occupied Manila and the naval port of Cavite as part of the Seven Years' War, while the Spanish Governor-General set up a provisional government in Bacolor, Pampanga to continue administering the rest of the archipelago.
British governor-general
[edit]| No. | Portrait | Name | Tenure start | Tenure end | Secretary of State for the Southern Department | Prime Minister | Monarch |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 46a | .svg) |
Dawsonne Drake (1724–1784) |
November 2, 1762 |
May 31, 1764 |
The Earl of Egremont
(1761–1763) |
The Earl of Bute
(1762–1763) |
George III (1760–1820) |
| George Grenville
(1763–1765) | |||||||
| The Earl of Halifax
(1763–1765) |
Spanish governor-general
[edit]| No. | Portrait | Name | Tenure start | Tenure end | Viceroy of New Spain | Secretary of State for Indies | First Secretary of State | Monarch |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 47 |  |
Simón de Anda y Salazar (1709–1776) |
October 6, 1762 |
February 10, 1764 |
Joaquín de Montserrat 1st Marquess of Cruillas (1760–1766) |
Julián Arriaga y Ribera (1754–1776) | Ricardo Wall (1754–1763) | Charles III (1759–1788) |
| Jerónimo Grimaldi (1763–1777) |
Under New Spain (1764–1821)
[edit]After the British returned Manila to the Spanish in 1764, the Spanish Governor-General Francisco Javier de la Torre resumed administration of the Philippines under the authority of the Viceroy of New Spain in modern-day Mexico (New Spain) as part of the Spanish Empire.
The Philippines, along with the rest of the Spanish Empire, became part of the First French Empire in 1808 after Napoleon overthrew Ferdinand VII and installed Joseph Bonaparte as king until his abdication in 1813, as part of a disastrous consequence of Napoleon's 1812 Russian campaign, the Peninsular Wars, particularly the Battle of Vitoria, and of forming the Sixth Coalition.
| No. | Portrait | Name | Tenure start | Tenure end | Viceroy of New Spain | Secretary of the Indies | First Secretary of State | Monarch |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 48 |  |
Francisco Javier de la Torre Acting Governor-General |
March 17, 1764 |
July 6, 1765 |
Joaquín de Montserrat 1st Marquess of Cruillas (1760–1766) |
Julián Arriaga y Ribera (1754–1776)[note 14] | Jerónimo Grimaldi (1763–1777) | Charles III (1759–1788) |
| 49 |  |
José Antonio Raón y Gutiérrez (1700–1773) |
July 6, 1765 |
July 1770 | ||||
| Carlos Francisco de Croix 1st Marquess of Croix (1766–1771) | ||||||||
| (47) | |
Simón de Anda y Salazar (1709–1776) |
July 1770 |
October 30, 1776 | ||||
| Antonio María de Bucareli (1771–1779) | ||||||||
| Marquess of Sonora (1776–1787)[note 14] | ||||||||
| 50 |  |
Pedro Sarrió Acting Governor-General |
October 30, 1776 |
July 1778 | ||||
| Count of Floridablanca (1777–1792) | ||||||||
| 51 |  |
José Basco y Vargas (1733–1805) |
July 1778 |
September 22, 1787 | ||||
| Francisco Romá y Rosell Regent of the Audiencia (1779) | ||||||||
| Martín de Mayorga Captain General of Guatemala (1779–1783) | ||||||||
| Matías de Gálvez y Gallardo Captain General of Guatemala (1783–1784) | ||||||||
| Vicente de Herrera y Rivero Regent of the Audiencia (1784–1785) | ||||||||
| Bernardo de Gálvez 1st Count of Gálvez (1785–1786) | ||||||||
| Eusebio Sánchez Pareja Regent of the Audiencia (1786–1787) | ||||||||
| Alonso Núñez de Haro y Peralta Archbishop of Mexico (1787) | ||||||||
| Count of Floridablanca (1787) Interim[note 14] | ||||||||
| Antonio Porlier[note 16] Antonio Valdés y Fernández Bazán (1787–1792)[note 17] | ||||||||
| Manuel Antonio Flórez (1787–1789) | ||||||||
| (50) | |
Pedro Sarrió Acting Governor-General |
September 22, 1787 |
July 1, 1788 | ||||
| 51 |  |
Félix Berenguer de Marquina (1733–1826) |
July 1, 1788 |
September 1, 1793 | ||||
| Charles IV (1788–1808) | ||||||||
| Juan Vicente de Güemes 2nd Count of Revillagigedo (1789–1794) | ||||||||
| No secretary (affairs of Indies distributed among different secretariats) | Count of Aranda (1792) Interim | |||||||
| Manuel Godoy (1792–1798) | ||||||||
| 52 |  |
Rafael María de Aguilar y Ponce de León (1737–1806) |
September 1, 1793 |
August 7, 1806 | ||||
| Miguel de la Grúa Talamanca 1st Marquess of Branciforte (1794–1798) | ||||||||
| Francisco de Saavedra (1798–1799) | ||||||||
| Miguel José de Azanza 1st Duke of Santa Fe (1798–1800) | ||||||||
| Mariano Luis de Urquijo (1799–1800) | ||||||||
| Félix Berenguer de Marquina (1800–1803) | ||||||||
| Pedro Cevallos Guerra (1800–1808) | ||||||||
| José de Iturrigaray (1803–1808) | ||||||||
| 53 |  |
Mariano Fernández de Folgueras Acting Governor-General (1766–1823) |
August 7, 1806 |
March 4, 1810 | ||||
| Gonzalo O'Farril (1808) | ||||||||
| Pedro Cevallos Guerra (1808) | Ferdinand VII (1808) | |||||||
| Miguel José de Azanza 1st Duke of Santa Fe (1808–1813)[note 18] |
Mariano Luis de Urquijo (1808–1813) | Joseph Bonaparte (1808–1813) | ||||||
| Pedro de Garibay (1808–1809)[note 19] | ||||||||
| Francisco Javier de Lizana y Beaumont Archbishop of Mexico (1809–1810)[note 19] | ||||||||
| 54 |  |
Manuel González de Aguilar | March 4, 1810 |
September 4, 1813 | ||||
| Pedro Catani (1810)[note 19] | ||||||||
| Francisco Javier Venegas 1st Marquess of Reunión and New Spain (1810–1813)[note 19] | ||||||||
| Félix María Calleja del Rey 1st Count of Calderón (1813–1816)[note 19] | ||||||||
| No secretary | Juan O'Donojú (Interim 1813) | |||||||
| 55 | ,_capit%C3%A1n_de_nav%C3%ADo_de_la_Real_Armada_-_An%C3%B3nimo.jpg) |
José de Gardoqui y Jarabeitia | September 4, 1813 |
December 10, 1816 | ||||
| Fernando de Laserna (1813) Interim | ||||||||
| Manuel Antonio de la Bodega y Mollinedo (1813–1814)[note 20] | José Luyando (1813–1814) Interim |
Ferdinand VII (1813–1833) | ||||||
| Miguel de Lardizabal (1814–1815)[note 20][note 14] | José Miguel de Carvajal-Vargas (1814) | |||||||
| No secretary | Pedro Cevallos Guerra (1814–1816) | |||||||
| Jaun Estebán Lozano de Torres (1816) | ||||||||
| Pedro Cevallos Guerra (1816) | ||||||||
| Juan Ruiz de Apodaca 1st Count of Venadito (1816–1821) | ||||||||
| José García de León (1816–1818) | ||||||||
| (53) | |
Mariano Fernández de Folgueras Acting Governor-General (1766–1823) |
December 10, 1816 |
September 15, 1821 | ||||
| Carlos Martínez de Irujo, 1st Marquis of Casa Irujo (1818–1819) Interim | ||||||||
| Manuel González Salmón (1819) Interim | ||||||||
| Joaquín José Melgarejo (1819–1820) | ||||||||
| Antonio González Salmón (1820) Interim[note 20] | ||||||||
| Juan Jabat Aztal (1820) Interim | ||||||||
| Antonio Porcel Román (1820)[note 20] | ||||||||
| Evaristo Pérez de Castro (1820–1821) | ||||||||
| Ramón Gil de la Cuadra (1820–1821)[note 20] | ||||||||
| Antonio de Guilleman (1821) Interim[note 20] |
Joaquín Anduaga Cuenca (1821) Interim | |||||||
| Francisco de Paula Escudero (1821) Interim | ||||||||
| Ramón Olaguer Feliú (1821)[note 20] | ||||||||
| Eusebio Bardají y Azara (1821–1822) | ||||||||
| Ramón López Pelegrín (1821–1822)[note 20] | ||||||||
| Francisco Novella Azabal Pérez y Sicardo (1821) | ||||||||
| Juan O'Donojú (1821) |
Direct Spanish control (1821–1899)
[edit]After the 1821 Mexican War of Independence, Mexico became independent and was no longer part of the Spanish Empire. The Viceroyalty of New Spain ceased to exist. The Philippines, as a result, was directly governed from Madrid, under the Spanish Crown.
| No. | Portrait | Name | Tenure start | Tenure end | Minister of Overseas[note 21] | First Secretary of State | Regent | Monarch |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (53) | |
Mariano Fernández de Folgueras
Acting Governor-General (1766–1823) |
September 16,
1821 |
October 30,
1822 |
Ramón López-Pelegrín (1821–1822)[note 20] | Eusebio Bardají y Azara (1821–1822)[note 13] | No regency | Ferdinand VII
(1813–1833) |
| Ramón López-Pelegrín (1822) Interim[note 13] | ||||||||
| José Gabriel de Silva-Bazán (1822) Interim[note 13] | ||||||||
| Ramón López-Pelegrín (1822) Interim[note 13] | ||||||||
| Manuel de la Bodega Mollinedo (1822)[note 20] | Francisco Martínez de la Rosa (1822)[note 13] | |||||||
| Diego Clemencín (1822)[note 20] | ||||||||
| José Manuel de Vadillo (1822–1823)[note 20] | Evaristo Fernández de San Miguel (1822–1823)[note 13] | |||||||
| 54 |  |
Juan Antonio Martínez | October 30,
1822 |
October 14,
1825 |
José Manuel de Vadillo (1823) Interim[note 13] | |||
| Pedro Urquinaona (1823)[note 20] | Santiago Usoz y Mozi (1823) Interim[note 13] | |||||||
| José María Pando de la Riva (1823)[note 13] | ||||||||
| Francisco de Paula Ossorio y Vargas (1823) Interim[note 20] | ||||||||
| Luis María de Salazar y Salazar (1823) Interim[note 13] | ||||||||
| Juan Antonio Yandiola Garay (1823) Interim[note 13] | ||||||||
| José Luyando (1823)[note 13] | ||||||||
| Víctor Damián Sáez (1823)[note 13] | ||||||||
| No minister | ||||||||
| Carlos Martínez de Irujo, 1st Marquis of Casa Irujo (1823)[note 13] | ||||||||
| Narciso Heredia (1823–1824)[note 13] | ||||||||
| Francisco Cea Bermúdez (1824–1825)[note 13] | ||||||||
| 55 |  |
Mariano Ricafort Palacín y Abarca
(1776–1846) |
October 14,
1825 |
December 23,
1830 | ||||
| Pedro de Alcántara Álvarez de Toledo (1825–1826)[note 13] | ||||||||
| Manuel González Salmón (1826–1832)[note 13] | ||||||||
| 56 |  |
Pasqual Enrile y Alcedo
(1772–1836) |
December 23,
1830 |
March 1,
1835 | ||||
| Antonio de Saavedra y Jofré (1832) Interim[note 13] | ||||||||
| Francisco Cea Bermúdez (1832–1834)[note 13] | ||||||||
| Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies(1833–1840) | Isabella II
(1833–1868)u | |||||||
| Francisco Martínez de la Rosa (1834–1835)[note 22] | ||||||||
| 57 |  |
Gabriel de Torres | March 1,
1835 |
April 23,
1835 | ||||
| 58 |  |
Joaquín de Crame
Acting Governor-General |
April 23,
1835 |
September 9,
1835 | ||||
| José María Quiepo de Llano (1835)[note 22] | ||||||||
| 59 |  |
Pedro Antonio Salazar y Salazar[1]
Acting Governor-General (1782–1861) |
September 9,
1835 |
August 27,
1837 | ||||
| Miguel Ricardo de Álava (1835)[note 22] | ||||||||
| Juan Álvarez Mendizábal (1835–1836) Interim[note 22] | ||||||||
| Francisco Javier de Istúriz (1836)[note 22] | ||||||||
| José María Calatrava (1836–1837)[note 22] | ||||||||
| Depending on the Minister of the Navy | ||||||||
| 60 |  |
Andrés García Camba
(1793–1861) |
August 27,
1837 |
December 29,
1838 |
Baldomero Espartero (1837)[note 22] | |||
| Eusebio Bardají y Azara (1837)[note 22] | ||||||||
| Narciso Heredia (1837–1838)[note 22] | ||||||||
| Bernardino Fernández de Velasco (1838)[note 22] | ||||||||
| Evaristo Pérez de Castro (1838–1840)[note 22] | ||||||||
| 61 |  |
Luis Lardizábal | December 29,
1838 |
February 14,
1841 | ||||
| Antonio González (1840)[note 22] | ||||||||
| Valentín Ferraz (1840)[note 22] | ||||||||
| Modesto Cortázar (1840) Interim[note 22] | ||||||||
| Baldomero Espartero (1840–1841)[note 22] | ||||||||
| Baldomero Espartero (1840–1843) | ||||||||
| 62 | .jpg) |
Marcelino de Oraá Lecumberri
(1788–1851) |
February 14,
1841 |
June 17,
1843 | ||||
| Joaquín María Ferrer (1841)[note 22] | ||||||||
| Antonio González (1841–1842)[note 22] | ||||||||
| José Ramón Rodil (1842–1843)[note 22] | ||||||||
| Joaquín María López (1843)[note 22] | ||||||||
| Álvaro Gómez Becerra (1843)[note 22] | ||||||||
| 63 |  |
Francisco de Paula Alcalá de la Torre | June 17,
1843 |
July 16,
1844 | ||||
| Joaquín María López (1843)[note 22][note 23] | ||||||||
| Salustiano Olózaga (1843)[note 22] | No regency | |||||||
| Luis González Bravo (1843–1844)[note 22] | ||||||||
| Ramón María Narváez (1844–1846)[note 22] | ||||||||
| 64 | .jpg) |
Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa
1st Count of Manila (1795–1851) |
July 16,
1844 |
December 26,
1849 | ||||
| Manuel Pando, 6th Marquess of Miraflores (1846)[note 22] | ||||||||
| Ramón María Narváez (1846)[note 22] | ||||||||
| Francisco Javier de Istúriz (1846–1847)[note 22] | ||||||||
| Carlos Martínez de Irujo, 2nd Marquis of Casa Irujo (1847)[note 22] | ||||||||
| No minister | ||||||||
| Joaquín Francisco Pacheco (1847)[note 22] | ||||||||
| Florencio García Goyena (1847)[note 22] | ||||||||
| Ramón María Narváez (1847–1849)[note 22] | ||||||||
| Serafín María de Sotto (1849)[note 22] | ||||||||
| Ramón María Narváez (1849–1851)[note 22] | ||||||||
| 65 |  |
Antonio María Blanco
Acting Governor-General |
December 26,
1849 |
July 29,
1850 | ||||
| 66 |  |
Juan Antonio de Urbiztondo, Marquis of La Solana
(1803–1857) |
July 29,
1850 |
December 20,
1853 | ||||
| Juan Bravo Murillo (1851–1852)[note 24][note 22] | ||||||||
| Federico Roncali, Count of Alcoy (1852–1853)[note 24][note 22] | ||||||||
| Francisco Lersundi (1853)[note 24][note 22] | ||||||||
| Luis José Sartorius, Count of San Luis (1853–1854)[note 24][note 22] | ||||||||
| 67 | .jpg) |
Ramón Montero y Blandino
Acting Governor-General |
December 20,
1853 |
February 2,
1854 | ||||
| 68 |  |
Manuel Pavía y Lacy
1st Marquess of Novaliches (1814–1896) |
February 2,
1854 |
October 28,
1854 | ||||
| Depending on the Minister of State | Fernando Fernández de Córdoba (1854)[note 22] | |||||||
| Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas (1854)[note 22] | ||||||||
| Baldomero Espartero (1854–1856)[note 22] | ||||||||
| (67) | |
Ramón Montero y Blandino
Acting Governor-General |
October 28,
1854 |
November 20,
1854 | ||||
| 69 | .jpg) |
Manuel Crespo y Cebrían
(1793–1868) |
November 20,
1854 |
December 5,
1856 | ||||
| No minister | ||||||||
| Depending on the Minister of Development | ||||||||
| Depending on the Minister of State | Leopoldo O'Donnell (1856)[note 22] | |||||||
| Ramón María Narváez (1856–1857)[note 22] | ||||||||
| (67) | |
Ramón Montero y Blandino
Acting Governor-General |
December 5,
1856 |
March 9,
1857 | ||||
| 70 |  |
Fernando de Norzagaray y Escudero
(1808–1860) |
March 9,
1857 |
January 12,
1860 | ||||
| Francisco Armero (1857–1858)[note 22] | ||||||||
| Francisco Javier de Istúriz (1858)[note 22] | ||||||||
| Leopoldo O'Donnell (1858–1863)[note 24] | ||||||||
| 71 |  |
Ramón María Solano y Llanderal | January 12,
1860 |
August 29,
1860 | ||||
| 72 |  |
Juan Herrera Dávila
Acting Governor-General |
August 29,
1860 |
February 2,
1861 | ||||
| 73 | .jpg) |
José Lémery e Ibarrola
(1811–1886) |
February 2,
1861 |
July 7,
1862 | ||||
| 74 |  |
Salvador Valdés
Acting Governor-General |
July 7,
1862 |
July 9,
1862 | ||||
| 75 | .jpg) |
Rafaél de Echagüe y Bermingham
(1815–1915) |
July 9,
1862 |
March 24,
1865 | ||||
| Manuel Pando, 6th Marquess of Miraflores (1863) | Manuel Pando, 6th Marquess of Miraflores (1863–1864)[note 22] | |||||||
| José Gutiérrez de la Concha, 1st Marquess of Havana (1863) Interim | ||||||||
| Francisco Permanyer Tuyets (1863) | ||||||||
| José Gutiérrez de la Concha, 1st Marquess of Havana (1863–1864) Interim | ||||||||
| Alejandro de Castro y Casal (1864) | Lorenzo Arrazola (1864)[note 22] | |||||||
| Diego López Ballesteros (1864) | Alejandro Mon y Menéndez (1864)[note 22] | |||||||
| Manuel Seijas Lozano (1864–1865) | Ramón María Narváez (1864–1865)[note 22] | |||||||
| 76 |  |
Joaquín del Solar e Ibáñez
Acting Governor-General |
March 24,
1865 |
April 25,
1865 | ||||
| 77 |  |
Juan de Lara e Irigoyen | April 25,
1865 |
July 13,
1866 | ||||
| Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (1865–1866) | Leopoldo O'Donnell (1865–1866)[note 22] | |||||||
| Alejandro de Castro Casal (1866–1867) | Ramón María Narváez (1866–1868)[note 22] | |||||||
| 78 |  |
José Laureano de Sanz y Posse
Acting Governor-General (1819–1898) |
July 13,
1866 |
September 21,
1866 | ||||
| 79 |  |
Antonio Osorio y Mallén
(1808-1881) Acting Governor-General |
September 21,
1866 |
September 27,
1866 | ||||
| (76) | |
Joaquín del Solar e Ibáñez | September 27,
1866 |
October 26,
1866 | ||||
| 80 |  |
José de la Gándara y Navarro
(1820–1885) |
October 26,
1866 |
June 7,
1869 | ||||
| Carlos Marfori y Callejas (1867–1868) | ||||||||
| Luis González Bravo (1868)[note 22] | ||||||||
| Tomás Rodríguez Rubí (1868) | ||||||||
| José Gutiérrez de la Concha, 1st Marquess of Havana (1868)[note 22] | ||||||||
| José Nacarino Bravo (1868) | ||||||||
| Adelardo López de Ayala (1868–1869) | Francisco Serrano
1st Duke of la Torre (1868–1869)[note 22] |
Francisco Serrano
1st Duke of la Torre Regent (1868–1870) | ||||||
| Juan Bautista Topete (1869) Interim | ||||||||
| (81) |  |
Manuel Maldonado
Acting Governor-General |
June 7,
1869 |
June 23,
1869 |
Juan Prim (1869–1870)[note 22] | |||
| 82 |  |
Carlos María de la Torre y Navacerrada
(1809–1879) |
June 23,
1869 |
April 4,
1871 | ||||
| Manuel Becerra y Bermúdez (1869–1870) | ||||||||
| Segismundo Moret (1870) | ||||||||
| Adelardo López de Ayala (1870–1871) | Juan Bautista Topete (1870–1871) Interim[note 22] | |||||||
| No regency | Amadeo I
(1870–1873) | |||||||
| 83 | .jpg) |
Rafael Izquierdo y Gutiérrez
(1820–1883) |
April 4,
1871 |
January 8,
1873 |
Francisco Serrano | |||
| Tomás Mosquera (1871) | Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla (1871)[note 22] | |||||||
| Víctor Balaguer (1871) | José Malcampo (1871)[note 22] | |||||||
| Juan Bautista Topete (1871–1872) | Práxedes Mateo Sagasta (1871–1872)[note 22] | |||||||
| Cristóbal Martín de Herrera (1872) | ||||||||
| Adelardo López de Ayala (1872) | Francisco Serrano | |||||||
| Eduardo Gasset y Artime (1872) | Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla (1872–1873)[note 22] | |||||||
| Tomás Mosquera (1872–1873) | ||||||||
| (84) |  |
Manuel MacCrohon
Acting Governor-General |
January 8,
1873 |
January 24,
1873 | ||||
| 85 |  |
Juan Alaminos y Vivar
(1813–1899) |
January 24,
1873 |
March 17,
1874 | ||||
| Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso (1873) | Estanislao Figueras
President of the Executive Power (1873) | |||||||
| José Cristóbal Sorní y Grau (1873) | ||||||||
| Francesc Pi i Margall
President of the Executive Power (1873) | ||||||||
| Francisco Suñer (1873) | ||||||||
| Eduardo Palanca (1873) | Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso
President of the Executive Power (1873) | |||||||
| Santiago Soler y Pla (1873–1874) | Emilio Castelar
President of the Executive Power (1873–1874) | |||||||
| Víctor Balaguer (1874) | Francisco Serrano (1874)[note 22] | No regency | Francisco Serrano
President (1874) | |||||
| Antonio Romero Ortiz (1874) | Juan Zavala de la Puente (1874)[note 22] | |||||||
| 86 |  |
Manuel Blanco Valderrama
Acting Governor-General |
March 17,
1874 |
June 18,
1874 | ||||
| 87 | .jpg) |
José Malcampo
3rd Marquess of San Rafael (1828–1880) |
June 18,
1874 |
February 28,
1877 | ||||
| Práxedes Mateo Sagasta (1874)[note 22] | ||||||||
| Adelardo López de Ayala (1874–1877) | Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (1874–1875)[note 22] | Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (1874–1875)[note 25] | Alfonso XII
(1874–1885) | |||||
| No regency | ||||||||
| Joaquín Jovellar (1875)[note 22] | ||||||||
| Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (1875–1879)[note 22] | ||||||||
| Cristóbal Martín de Herrera (1877–1878) | ||||||||
| 88 |  |
Domingo Moriones y Murillo
(1823–1881) |
February 28,
1877 |
March 20,
1880 | ||||
| José Elduayen Gorriti (1878–1879) | ||||||||
| Manuel Orovio Echagüe (1879) Interim | Arsenio Martínez-Campos (1879)[note 22] | |||||||
| Salvador Albacete (1879) | ||||||||
| José Elduayen Gorriti (1879–1880) | Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (1879–1881)[note 22] | |||||||
| Cayetano Sánchez Bustillo (1880–1881) | ||||||||
| 89 |  |
Rafael Rodríguez Arias
Acting Governor-General (1819–1898) |
March 20,
1880 |
April 15,
1880 | ||||
| 90 |  |
Fernando Primo de Rivera
1st Marquess of Estella (1831–1921) |
April 15,
1880 |
March 10,
1883 | ||||
| Fernando León y Castillo (1881–1883) | Práxedes Mateo Sagasta (1881–1883)[note 22] | |||||||
| Gaspar Núñez de Arce (1883) | ||||||||
| (91) | _Pillars_of_Hercules_Variant.svg) |
Emilio Molíns
Acting Governor-General (1824–1889) |
March 10,
1883 |
April 7,
1883 | ||||
| 92 |  |
Joaquín Jovellar y Soler
(1819–1892) |
April 7,
1883 |
April 1,
1885 | ||||
| Estanislao Suárez Inclán (1883–1884) | José Posada Herrera (1883–1884)[note 22] | |||||||
| Manuel Aguirre de Tejada (1884–1885) | Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (1884–1885)[note 22] | |||||||
| (91) | |
Emilio Molíns
Acting Governor-General (1824–1889) |
April 1,
1885 |
April 4,
1885 | ||||
| 92 |  |
Emilio Terrero y Perinat
(1827–1890) |
April 4,
1885 |
April 25,
1888 | ||||
| German Gamazo (1885–1886) | Maria Christina of Austria
(1885–1902) |
Vacant
(1885–1886)[note 26] | ||||||
| Práxedes Mateo Sagasta (1885–1890)[note 22] | ||||||||
| Alfonso XIII
(1886–1931) | ||||||||
| Víctor Balaguer (1886–1888) | ||||||||
| 93 |  |
Antonio Moltó y Díaz Berrio
Acting Governor-General |
April 25,
1888 |
June 4,
1888 | ||||
| 94 |  |
Federico Lobatón y Prieto
Acting Governor-General |
June 4,
1888 |
June 5,
1888 | ||||
| 95 |  |
Valeriano Weyler
1st Marquess of Tenerife (1838–1930) |
June 5,
1888 |
November 17,
1891 | ||||
| Trinitario Ruiz Capdepón (1888) | ||||||||
| Manuel Becerra y Bermúdez (1888–1890) | ||||||||
| Antonio María Fabié (1890–1891) | Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (1890–1892)[note 22] | |||||||
| 96 |  |
Eulogio Despujol y Dusay
1st Count of Caspe (1834–1907) |
November 17,
1891 |
March 1,
1893 | ||||
| Francisco Romero Robledo (1891–1892) | ||||||||
| Antonio Maura (1892–1894) | Práxedes Mateo Sagasta (1892–1895)[note 22] | |||||||
| 97 |  |
Federico Ochando
Acting Governor-General (1848–1929) |
March 1,
1893 |
May 4,
1893 | ||||
| 98 |  |
Ramón Blanco
1st Marquess of Peña Plata (1833–1906) |
May 4,
1893 |
December 13,
1896 | ||||
| Manuel Becerra y Bermúdez (1894–1895) | ||||||||
| Buenaventura Abárzuza Ferrer (1894–1895) | ||||||||
| Tomás Castellano Villarroya (1895–1897) | Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (1895–1897)[note 22] | |||||||
| 99 |  |
Camilo Garcia de Polavieja
1st Marquess of Polavieja Acting Governor-General (1838–1914) |
December 13,
1896 |
April 15,
1897 | ||||
| 100 |  |
José de Lachambre
Acting Governor-General (1846–1903) |
April 15,
1897 |
April 23,
1897 | ||||
| (90) | |
Fernando Primo de Rivera
1st Marquess of Estella (1831–1921) |
April 23,
1897 |
April 11,
1898 | ||||
| Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero (1897)[note 22] | ||||||||
| Segismundo Moret (1897–1898) | Práxedes Mateo Sagasta (1897–1899)[note 22] | |||||||
| 101 |  |
Basilio Augustín[2]
(1840–1910) |
April 11,
1898 |
July 24,
1898 | ||||
| Vicente Romero Girón (1898–1899) | ||||||||
| 102 |  |
Fermín Jáudenes[2]
Acting Governor-General (1836–1915) |
July 24,
1898 |
August 13,
1898 | ||||
| 103 |  |
Francisco Rizzo[2]
Acting Governor-General (1831–1910) |
August 13,
1898 |
September 18,
1898 | ||||
| 104 | .jpg) |
Diego de los Ríos[2]
Acting Governor-General (1850–1911) |
September 18,
1898 |
June 3,
1899 | ||||
| Raimundo Fernández-Villaverde (1899)[note 27] | Francisco Silvela (1899–1899)[note 22] | |||||||
| Office abolished | ||||||||
United States Military Government (1898–1902)
[edit]The city of Manila was captured by American expeditionary forces on August 13, 1898.[3] On August 14, 1898, the terms of the Spanish capitulation were signed. From this date, American government in the Philippines begins.[3] General Wesley Merritt, in accordance with the instructions of the United States President, issued a proclamation announcing the establishment of United States military rule.[3]
During the transition period, executive authority in all civil affairs in the Philippine government was exercised by the military governor.
| No. | Portrait | Name | Tenure start | Tenure end | Secretary of War[note 28] | Vice President | President |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | .JPG) |
Wesley Merritt (1836–1910) |
August 14, 1898[4] |
August 30, 1898[5] |
Russell A. Alger (1897–1899) | Garret Hobart (1897–1899) | William McKinley (1897–1901) |
| 2 |  |
Elwell Stephen Otis (1838–1909) |
August 30, 1898 |
May 5, 1900 | |||
| Elihu Root (1899–1904) | |||||||
| Vacant[note 29] | |||||||
| 3 |  |
Arthur MacArthur Jr.[6] (1845–1912) |
May 5, 1900 |
July 4, 1901 | |||
| Theodore Roosevelt (1901) | |||||||
| 4 | .jpg) |
Adna Chaffee[7] (1842–1914) |
July 4, 1901 |
July 4, 1902 | |||
| Vacant[note 30] | Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909) |
Insular Government (1901–1935)
[edit]On July 4, 1901, executive authority over the islands was transferred to the president of the Second Philippine Commission who had the title of Civil Governor, a position appointed by the President of the United States and approved by the United States Senate. For the first year, a Military Governor, Adna Chaffee, ruled parts of the country still resisting the American rule, concurrent with Civil Governor, William Howard Taft.[8] Disagreements between the two were not uncommon.[9] The following year, on July 4, 1902, Taft became the sole executive authority.[7] Chaffee remained commander of the Philippine Division until September 30, 1902.[10]
After his retirement as Civil Governor, Governor Taft was appointed Secretary of War and he secured for his successor the adoption by Congress[11] of the title Governor-General of the Philippine Islands thereby "reviving the high designation used during the last period of Spanish rule and placing the office on a parity of dignity with that of other colonial empires of first importance".[3] The term "insular" (from insula, the Latin word for island)[12] refers to U.S. island territories that are not incorporated into either a state or a federal district. All insular areas were under the authority of the U.S. Bureau of Insular Affairs, a division of the US War Department.[13][14]
| No. | Portrait | Name | Tenure start | Tenure end | Secretary of War[note 28] | Vice President | President |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  |
William Howard Taft (1857–1930) |
July 4, 1901 |
February 1, 1904 |
Elihu Root (1899–1904) | Garret Hobart (1897–1899) | William McKinley (1897–1901) |
| Vacant[note 29] | |||||||
| Theodore Roosevelt (1901) | |||||||
| William Howard Taft(1904–1908) | Vacant[note 30] | Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909) | |||||
| 2 |  |
Luke Edward Wright (1846–1922) |
February 1, 1904 |
November 3, 1905 | |||
| Charles W. Fairbanks (1905–1909) | |||||||
| 3 |  |
Henry Clay Ide (1844–1921) |
November 3, 1905 |
September 19, 1906 | |||
| 4 |  |
James Francis Smith (1859–1928) |
September 20, 1906 |
November 11, 1909 | |||
| Luke Edward Wright (1908–1909) | |||||||
| Jacob M. Dickinson (1909–1911) | James S. Sherman (1909–1912) | William Howard Taft (1909–1913) | |||||
| 5 |  |
William Cameron Forbes (1870–1959) |
November 11, 1909 |
September 1, 1913 | |||
| Henry L. Stimson (1911–1913) | |||||||
| Vacant[note 31] | |||||||
| Lindley Miller Garrison (1913–1916) | Thomas R. Marshall (1913–1921) | Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921) | |||||
| – | .jpg) |
Newton W. Gilbert (1862–1939) Acting Governor-General |
September 1, 1913 |
October 6, 1913 | |||
| 6 |  |
Francis Burton Harrison (1873–1957) |
October 6, 1913 |
March 5, 1921 | |||
| Newton D. Baker (1916–1921) | |||||||
| John W. Weeks (1921–1925) | Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923) |
Warren G. Harding (1921–1923) | |||||
| – | .jpg) |
Charles Yeater (1861–1943) Acting Governor-General |
March 5, 1921 |
October 14, 1921 | |||
| 7 |  |
Leonard Wood (1860–1927) |
October 14, 1921 |
August 7, 1927 | |||
| Vacant[note 32] | Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929) | ||||||
| Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929) | |||||||
| Dwight F. Davis (1925–1929) | |||||||
| – | .jpg) |
Eugene Allen Gilmore (1871–1953) Acting Governor-General |
August 7, 1927 |
December 27, 1927 | |||
| 8 |  |
Henry L. Stimson (1867–1950) |
December 27, 1927 |
February 23, 1929 | |||
| – | |
Eugene Allen Gilmore (1871–1953) Acting Governor-General |
February 23, 1929 |
July 8, 1929 | |||
| James W. Good (1929) | Charles Curtis (1929–1933) | Herbert Hoover (1929–1933) | |||||
| 9 |  |
Dwight F. Davis (1879–1945) |
July 8, 1929 |
January 9, 1932 | |||
| Patrick J. Hurley (1929–1933) | |||||||
| – | .jpg) |
George C. Butte (1877–1940) Acting Governor-General |
January 9, 1932 |
February 29, 1932 | |||
| 10 |  |
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (1886–1944) |
February 29, 1932 |
July 15, 1933 | |||
| George Dern (1933–1936) | John Nance Garner (1933–1941) | Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945) | |||||
| 11 |  |
Frank Murphy (1890–1949) |
July 15, 1933 |
November 14, 1935 |
High Commissioner to the Philippines (1935–1942 and 1945–1946)
[edit]On November 15, 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated as a transitional government to prepare the country for independence. The office of President of the Philippine Commonwealth replaced the Governor-General as the country's chief executive. The Governor-General became the High Commissioner of the Philippines with Frank Murphy, the last governor-general, as the first high commissioner. The High Commissioner exercised no executive power but rather represented the colonial power, the United States Government, in the Philippines. The high commissioner moved from Malacañang Palace to the newly built High Commissioner's Residence, now the Embassy of the United States in Manila.
After the Philippine independence on July 4, 1946, the last High Commissioner, Paul McNutt, became the first United States Ambassador to the Philippines.
| No. | Portrait | Name | Tenure start | Tenure end | Secretary of War[note 28] | Vice President | President |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | |
Frank Murphy (1890–1949) |
November 14, 1935 |
December 31, 1936 |
George Dern (1933–1936) | John Nance Garner (1933–1941) | Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945) |
| Harry Hines Woodring (1936–1940) | |||||||
| – |  |
J. Weldon Jones (1896–1982) Acting High Commissioner |
December 31, 1936 |
April 26, 1937 | |||
| 2 |  |
Paul V. McNutt (1891–1955) |
April 26, 1937 |
July 12, 1939 | |||
| – | |
J. Weldon Jones (1896–1982) Acting High Commissioner |
July 12, 1939 |
October 28, 1939 | |||
| 3 |  |
Francis Bowes Sayre Sr. (1885–1972) |
October 28, 1939 |
October 12, 1942 | |||
| Henry L. Stimson (1940–1945) | |||||||
| Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945) | |||||||
| 4 |  |
Harold L. Ickes (1874–1952) |
October 12, 1942 |
September 14, 1945 | |||
| Harry S. Truman (1945) | |||||||
| Vacant[note 33] | Harry S. Truman (1945–1953) | ||||||
| 5 | |
Paul V. McNutt (1891–1955) |
September 14, 1945 |
July 4, 1946 | |||
| Robert P. Patterson (1945–1947) |
Japanese military governors (1942–1945)
[edit]In December 1941, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was invaded by Imperial Japan as part of World War II. The next year, the Japanese sent a military governor to control the country during the wartime period, followed by the formal establishment of the puppet Second Philippine Republic under Jose P. Laurel.[15]
On September 2, 1945, the position of Governor-General of the Philippines was abolished. The Philippines' independence from the United States was proclaimed by the Treaty of Manila on July 4, 1946, installing Manuel Roxas as the fifth President of the Philippines and ushering in the Third Philippine Republic.
| No. | Portrait | Name | Tenure start | Tenure end | Minister of Colonial Affairs[note 34] | Prime Minister | Emperor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  |
Masaharu Homma (1887–1946) |
January 3, 1942 |
June 8, 1942 |
HiroyaIno (1941–1942) | Hideki Tojo (1941–1944) | Hirohito (1926–1989) |
| 2 |  |
Shizuichi Tanaka (1887–1945) |
June 8, 1942 |
May 28, 1943 | |||
| Minister of Greater East Asia[note 34] | |||||||
| Kazuo Aoki (1942–1944) | |||||||
| 3 |  |
Shigenori Kuroda (1887–1952) |
May 28, 1943 |
September 26, 1944 | |||
| Mamoru Shigemitsu (1944–1945) | Kuniaki Koiso (1944–1945) | ||||||
| 4 | .jpg) |
Tomoyuki Yamashita (1885–1946) |
September 26, 1944 |
September 2, 1945 | |||
| Kantarō Suzuki (1945) | Kantarō Suzuki (1945) | ||||||
| Shigenori Tōgō (1945) | |||||||
| Mamoru Shigemitsu (1945) | Prince
Naruhiko Higashikuni(1945) |
Vice-governors of the Philippines
[edit]On October 29, 1901, the position of Vice-Governor was created. The Vice-Governor was appointed by the President of the United States to act as the Governor-General (known at that time as the Civil Governor) in case of illness or temporary absence.[16]
| No. | Portrait | Name | Tenure start | Tenure end | Governor-General | Secretary of War[note 28] | Vice President | President |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | |
Luke Edward Wright (1846–1922) [7] |
October 29, 1901 |
January 31, 1904 |
William Howard Taft (1901–1904) |
Elihu Root (1899–1904) | Vacant[note 30] | Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909) |
| 2 | |
Henry Clay Ide (1844–1921) [7] |
February 1, 1904 |
March 30, 1906 |
Luke Edward Wright (1904–1905) |
William Howard Taft (1904–1908) | Charles W. Fairbanks (1905–1909) | |
| Henry Clay Ide (1905–1906) | ||||||||
| 3 | |
William Cameron Forbes (1870–1959) [7] |
July 31, 1908 |
November 10, 1909 |
James Francis Smith (1906–1909) | |||
| Luke Edward Wright (1908–1909) | ||||||||
| Jacob M. Dickinson (1909–1911) | James S. Sherman (1909–1912) | William Howard Taft (1909–1913) | ||||||
| 4 | |
Newton W. Gilbert (1862–1939) [7] |
February 14, 1910 |
November 30, 1913 |
William Cameron Forbes (1909–1913) | |||
| Henry L. Stimson (1911–1913) | ||||||||
| Vacant[8] | ||||||||
| Lindley Miller Garrison (1913–1916) | Thomas R. Marshall (1913–1921) | Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921) | ||||||
| Newton W. Gilbert (1906) Interim | ||||||||
| Francis Burton Harrison (1873–1957) | ||||||||
| 5 |  |
Henderson S. Martin [7] |
December 1, 1913 |
June 28, 1917 | ||||
| Newton D. Baker (1916–1921) | ||||||||
| 6 | |
Charles Yeater (1861–1943) [17] |
June 29, 1917 |
January 25, 1922 | ||||
| Charles Yeater (1921) Interim |
John W. Weeks (1921–1925) | Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923) |
Warren G. Harding (1921–1923) | |||||
| Leonard Wood (1921–1927) | ||||||||
| 7 | |
Eugene Allen Gilmore (1871–1953) [18] |
January 26, 1922 |
June 20, 1930 | ||||
| Vacant[19] | Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929) | |||||||
| Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929) | ||||||||
| Dwight F. Davis (1925–1929) | ||||||||
| Eugene Allen Gilmore (1927) Interim | ||||||||
| Henry L. Stimson (1927–1929) | ||||||||
| Eugene Allen Gilmore (1929) Interim | ||||||||
| James W. Good (1929) | Charles Curtis (1929–1933) | Herbert Hoover (1929–1933) | ||||||
| Dwight F. Davis (1929–1932) | ||||||||
| Patrick J. Hurley (1929–1933) | ||||||||
| – |  |
Nicholas Roosevelt (1893–1982) Ad interim [20] |
July 29, 1930 |
September 24, 1930 | ||||
| 8 | |
George C. Butte (1877–1940) [21] |
December 31, 1930 |
June 30, 1932 | ||||
| George C. Butte (1932) Interim | ||||||||
| Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (1932–1933) | ||||||||
| 9 |  |
John H. Holliday [22] |
August 13, 1932 |
September 1, 1933 | ||||
| George Dern (1933–1936) | John Nance Garner (1933–1941) | Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945) | ||||||
| 10 |  |
Joseph R. Hayden (1887–1945) [23] |
November 7, 1933 |
November 15, 1935 |
Frank Murphy (1933–1935) |
Timelines
[edit]1565–1750
[edit]
1750–1800
[edit]
1800–1850
[edit]
1850–1898
[edit]
1898–1946
[edit]
See also
[edit]
- Filipino styles and honorifics
- List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines
- List of recorded datu in the Philippines
- President of the Philippines
- List of presidents of the Philippines
- Audiencia
- List of Viceroys of New Spain
- Spanish Empire
- History of the Philippines
- Military History of the Philippines
- United States Territory
- Governor-General
- Lists of office-holders
- Gobernadorcillo
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Governors-General of the Philippines.
References
[edit]- ↑ Granado Hijelmo, Ignacio; Fernández de la Pradilla Mayoral, María Concepción (1998). "La actuación en extremo oriente de Excelentísimo Señor Don Pedro Antonio Salazar y Salazar, natural de Herramélluri, como gobernador y capitán general de las Islas Filipinas (1853-1837)". Berceo (134): 179. ISSN 0210-8550.
- 1 2 3 4 Peterson 2007, p. 11.
- 1 2 3 4 David P. Barrows; The Governor-General of the Philippines under Spain and the United States; The American Historical Review Vol. 21, No. 2 (Jan. 1916), pp. 288–311 (PDF)
- ↑ Halstead, Murat (1898). The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico. p. 116.
- ↑ Tucker, Spencer (2009). The Encyclopedia of the Spanish–American and Philippine–American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 457. ISBN 978-1-85109-951-1.
- ↑ Pershing, John J. (2013). My Life Before the World War, 1860--1917: A Memoir. University Press of Kentucky. p. 547. ISBN 978-0-8131-4199-2.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Elliot, Charles Burke (1917). The Philippines to the End of the Commission Government: A Study in Tropical Democracy. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company. p. 509.
- 1 2 Elliot, Charles Burke (1917). The Philippines to the End of the Commission Government: A Study in Tropical Democracy. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company. p. 4.
- ↑ Tanner (1901), p. 383
- ↑ Philippine Academy of Social Sciences (1967). Philippine social sciences and humanities review. pp. 40.
- ↑ Act of Congress of February 6, 1905, entitled: "An Act To amend an Act approved July first, nineteen hundred and two, entitled "An Act temporarily to provide for the administration of the affairs of civil government in the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes," and to amend an Act approved March eighth, nineteen hundred and two, entitled "An Act temporarily to provide revenue for the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes" and to amend an Act March second, nineteen hundred and three, entitled "An Act to establish a standard of value and to provide for a coinage system in the Philippine Islands," and to provide for the more efficient administration of civil government in the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes." Section 8 thereof provided that "the civil governor of the Philippine Islands shall hereafter be known as the governor-general of the Philippine Islands.
- ↑ "Island – from English to Latin". Google Translate. Retrieved on August 7, 2013.
- ↑ "Definitions of Insular Area Political Organizations" Archived September 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. U.S. Department of the Interior.
- ↑ "Insular". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved on August 7, 2013.
- ↑ Cahoon (2000)
- ↑ Annual Report of the War Department for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1901. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1901. p. 64.
- ↑ Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the World War (1917–1919): Zone of the Interior, Volume 3, Part 1. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1949. p. 229.
- ↑ Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Insular Affairs, War Department, 1922. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1922. p. 2.
- ↑ As valido of the King of Spain
- ↑ Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Herbert Hoover: 1930. Government Printing Office. 1976.
- ↑ Annual Report of the Governor General of the Philippine Islands, 1930. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1932. p. 65.
- ↑ Annual Report of the Governor General of the Philippine Islands 1932. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1934. p. 99.
- ↑ Annual Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Insular Affairs 1934. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1934. p. 6.
- Governors of the Philippines
- Cahoon, Ben (2000). "Philippines". World's Statesmen.
- Don Peterson (2007-2nd Qtr), 1898: Five Philippine Governors-General Serve Rapid Fire Terms, Philippine Philatelic Journal.
- Tanner, Dr. J.M. (1901–11). Improvement Era Vol. 5 No. 1. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.
- Elliott, Charles Burke (1917). The Philippines: To the End of the Commission Government, a Study in Tropical Democracy. The Bobbs-Merrill Company.
Further reading
[edit]- Barrows, David P. (1916). "The Governor General of the Philippines Under Spain and the United States". The American Historical Review. 21 (2). Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Historical Association: 288–311. doi:10.2307/1835051. JSTOR 1835051.
- Barrows, D.P. (2022). A History of the Philippines. DigiCat. ISBN 978-93-5462-590-9.
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Notes
[edit]- ↑ Tagalog: Gobernador-Heneral ng Pilipinas; Spanish: Gobernador General de Filipinas; Japanese: フィリピン総督, romanized: Firipin sōtoku
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 As valido of the King of Spain
- ↑ Personalist government of Philip IV
- ↑ As regent during the minority of his son, Charles II
- 1 2 3 4 As Chief Minister of Spain
- ↑ After the dimission of Count of Oropesa, there wasn't any powerful person
- ↑ During the illness of Charles II
- ↑ After the death of Charles II
- ↑ Until the coronation of Philip of Anjou
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 As Secretary of the Universal Bureau
- ↑ During the voyage of Philip V
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 As Secretary of State for the Navy and the Indies of Spain
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 As First Secretary of State of Spain
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 As Secretary of State for Indies
- ↑ Until the arrival of Charles III
- ↑ As Secretary of State for Grace and Justice of Indies
- ↑ As Secretary of State for War, Treasury, Commerce and Navigation of Indies
- ↑ As Minister of the Indies of Spain
- 1 2 3 4 5 Loyal to Ferdinand VII during the Spanish War of Independence
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 As Secretary of State for Overseas Governance
- ↑ Depending ministry of the Spanish colonies
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 As President of the Minsterial Council of Spain
- ↑ As President of the Provisional Government
- 1 2 3 4 5 Depending on the Overseas over the President of the Council of Ministers as an additional affair.
- ↑ As President of the Regency Ministry
- ↑ Until the birth of Alfonso XIII
- ↑ Serving as both Minister of Finance and Overseas
- 1 2 3 4 Responsible to the Bureau of Insular Affairs regarding the Philippines after the April 11, 1899 ratification of the 1898 Treaty of Paris.
- 1 2 Garret Hobart died in office
- 1 2 3 Theodore Roosevelt took the presidency
- ↑ James S. Sherman died in office
- ↑ Coolidge succeeded to the presidency intra-term
- ↑ Truman succeeded to the presidency intra-term
- 1 2 Depending ministry of the Japanese occupation of the Philippines
