Ontology

The extent of cultural heritage in digital format requires the creation of tools designed to improve access to and to enhance the added value deriving from the intersection of data originated in heterogeneous environments. Within an aggregational portal, cross-domain navigation is a particularly critical issue given the wide spectrum of criteria to which data and digital objects conform. Furthermore, data models supporting interoperability, such as Dublin Core, have a flat structure and a reduced granularity, thus contributing to the loss of information as well as to the decontextualization of the objects. Adopting the same format and descriptive rules for all classes of materials, a practical solution implemented by many English speaking countries in the last decade of the 20 th century, is no longer an option. Much more feasible appears nowadays the creation of more complex data models, as in the case of Europeana Data Model, or the implementation of clustering strategies, such as...

Het doel van het booronderzoek was om een zo volledig mogelijk beeld te verkrijgen van de in de ondergrond aanwezige archeologie. Hier gaan resten schuil van een nederzetting uit de midden-ijzertijd tot en met de Romeinse tijd. De omvang van het archeologische rijksmonument beslaat het gehele perceel en beperkt zich dus niet tot de delen waar het dekzand het hoogst is. Het is zeer goed mogelijk dat de vindplaats zich naar het zuiden toe doorzet. Hier is geen onderzoek naar verricht, maar de hoge zandrug, waar de vindplaats zich op concentreert, loopt richting het zuiden door. Een overtreding was de aanleiding van het onderzoek. Het perceel bleek zonder monumentenvergunning geegaliseerd te zijn. In het kader van de handhaving Monumentenwet is de omvang van de schade vastgesteld. Op basis daarvan is een vergunningprocedure gestart om de oorspronkelijke staat van maaiveld te herstellen voordat het terrein als akkerland in gebruik kon worden genomen.

Social network data analysis is an important problem due to proliferation of social network applications, amount of data these applications generate and potential of insight based on this big data. The objective of present work is to propose architecture for a semantic web application to facilitate meaningful social network data analytics as well as answering query about concerned ontology. Proposed technique links, on one hand, tools based on semantic technology provided by social network applications with data analytics tools and on the other hand extends this link to ontology authoring tools for further inference.   Results obtained from data analytics tool, results of query on generated ontology and benchmarking of the performance of data analytics tool are shown. It has been observed that a semantic web application utilizing above mentioned tools and technologies is more versatile and flexible and further improvements are possible by applying generic data mining algorithms to t...

Are your actions guided by a single in-out axis, or by the shifting relational bases within which in and out become distinguishable? We are accustomed to imagining in and out as opposing directions along a fixed line-like up and down, left and right, or + and-. Yet in The In-Out Cosmos, in and out are not coordinates on an axis but complementary basis states within a complex phase space. Each carries the potential for both + and-, not as fixed values but as phase possibilities that become determinate only through relational alignment. This is the essence of the in-out complex value. At the mathematical edge, complex roots already bind real and imaginary components into a unified yet non-reducible structure. They reflect a deeper generative condition: complex-valued existents that precede differentiation. These primal roots (prior to measurement, prior even to stable structure) function as in-out operators, from which inward and outward directions emerge through entanglement rather than pre-given separation. Without this precategorical pairing, neither propagation nor stabilization would be possible; waves would not extend, particles would not localize, and coherence and change would lack a common ground.

This paper explores guldgubbar, small gold foil figures from Vendel Period Scandinavia (c. 550–800 CE), through a new materialist lens, moving beyond representational interpretations rooted in Cartesian thought, that usually frames images to be in stasis. Instead of seeking a singular meaning, the study focuses on the figures’ materiality, affective qualities, and ontological openness. Drawing on Karen Barad’s agential realism, guldgubbar are approached as relational participants within entangled ecologies of matter and meaning. Agency and affect are treated not as fixed attributes, but as effects of intra-actions between bodies, materials, environments and material-discursive elements. A folded gold foil figure from Tørring, Denmark, is one example that demonstrates how these objects invite multisensory engagement, transformation, and play, fostering what Hustak and Myers term “affective ecologies.” The paper argues that the figures’ small scale, malleability, and aesthetic diversity enabled ongoing reconfigurations and social entanglements. Rather than static images, guldgubbar are seen as dynamic agents in the making of past worlds.

In the graphical representation of ontologies, in particular for part_whole relationships, it is customary to use graph theory as the representational background. We claim here that the standard graph-based approach has a number of limitations, and because of that we propose a better way to represent part_whole structures for ontologies developed in accordance with the Basic Formal Ontology, one that will reduce visual pollution and ground part_whole on a more rigorous visual representation. The experiments we carried out indicate we achieved the stated benefits and that the proposed representation is useful for the development of information systems in general and in particular for biomedical systems and applications.

Planning during complex endeavors is a daunting task in many aspects. An important one is the representation of shared intent, which is an open research topic focused on expressing a common picture among different planning systems with distinct languages, and sometimes disparate problem solving methodologies. The common approach is to use a translator between the order/request message and the planning system, which doesn’t convey all the elements that are necessary to support the planning task. The present research proposes to address this issue by the use of a semantic layer as an interface among different planning systems, which not only improves interoperability but also provides support for pruning the search space before the information is sent to the planning system. The layer is based on a probabilistic ontology, which provides shared intent description as well as formalization of the operational domain and of the planning problem, including a principled representation of the...

The Semantic Web initiative has enabled a common infrastructure in knowledge represen-tation for sharing knowledge of ontologies and instances through languages such as Resource Description Framework (RDF) and the Web Ontology Language (OWL). In ...

The article is dedicated to the analysis of critical realism as one of the most noticeable trends in modern methodology of economy. The authors of the article note that Tony Lawson quite reasonably criticized an economic mainstream against enthusiasm for mathematical models which often have problematic links with reality. T. Lawson's merit is that the concept of ontology was included firmly into an arsenal of the economic theory of the 21st century. Meanwhile, authors of the article are of the opinion that the ontologic pluralism supported by T. Lawson, did not allow him to penetrate the economic reality itself, and limited his researches only to ontology of economic science.

Universe 25 y el colapso de la forma: lo que un experimento con ratones revela sobre los límites de la civilización y la fragilidad del comportamiento humano

Resumen:

Entre 1968 y 1972, el etólogo John B. Calhoun diseñó Universe 25, un hábitat para ratones con abundancia total de agua, alimento, refugio y ausencia de depredadores. Todo estaba dispuesto para la prosperidad. Sin embargo, al alcanzar cierta densidad, la colonia colapsó: agresividad errática, abandono de crías, desórdenes reproductivos y la aparición de "los bellos" (the beautiful ones), individuos de aspecto perfecto que se recluían en aislamiento, reducidos a comer, dormir y acicalarse, sin aparearse ni interactuar. Calhoun denominó a este proceso "muerte conductual" (behavioral death) y lo describió como una "primera muerte" que arruina el espíritu social mucho antes de la extinción física.

Este ensayo lee Universe 25 como una parábola de la sociedad contemporánea. La expansión digital, la saturación de estímulos y el aplanamiento de las jerarquías de valor producen una levedad sistémica —distinta de la levedad metafísica que diagnosticara Milan Kundera— donde la conciencia pierde profundidad, el deseo se acelera sin madurar, y la libertad se vacía de continente. El texto propone el concepto de forma (organización estable con capacidad de permanencia, transmisión y rectificación) como antídoto, y recupera la noción de sacrificio en su raíz latina sacrum facere ("hacer sagrado"), equivalente al servicio desinteresado como principio organizador fundamental. Dialogan con el ensayo el argentino José Ingenieros (El hombre mediocre) y la cita del zorro de Saint-Exupéry: "Lo esencial es invisible a los ojos".

Palabras clave: Universe 25, John B. Calhoun, colapso de la forma, aplanamiento, epigénesis, abulia, levedad sistémica, servicio desinteresado, José Ingenieros, Milan Kundera.

The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute is funding an effort to create a molecular atlas of the developing lung (LungMAP) to serve as a research resource and public education tool. The lung is a complex organ with lengthy development time driven by interactive gene networks and dynamic crosstalk among multiple cell types to control and coordinate lineage specification, cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, morphogenesis and injury repair. A better understanding of the processes that regulate lung development, particularly alveologenesis, will have significant impact on survival rates for premature infants born with incomplete lung development and will facilitate lung injury repair and regeneration in adults. A consortium of four research centers, data coordinating center and human tissue repository will provide high-quality molecular data of developing human and mouse lungs. LungMAP includes mouse and human data for cross-correlation of developmental processes across s...

Neste trabalho, busco problematizar em que medida Sartre se inscreve no projeto da fenomenologia a partir das posições teóricas que ele assume em O Ser e o Nada, seu ensaio de ontologia fenomenológica. Para isso, retomo críticas que apontaram a noção sartriana de "ser em-si" como uma concepção "realista" de ser, a qual romperia com a "correlação fenomenológica" fundamental em Husserl, afastando assim a obra de um pertencimento legítimo a essa corrente. Contudo, embora Sartre se equilibre constantemente, à beira de ultrapassar os limites da fenomenologia, ele realiza, no capítulo "A transcendência", um trabalho minucioso capaz de reabilitar a correlação-agora entre um sujeito conhecedor e um "isto" (não mais equivalente ao ser em-si)-ao nos apresentar uma riqueza de estruturas de desvelamento de um mundo. Com base nessa hipótese, mostrarei os problemas iniciais relativos ao em-si, para então compreender a proposta sartriana do campo do "há" ou do mundo, com vistas a propor uma leitura propriamente fenomenológica de sua obra.

This methods and software note introduces Directional Character Sandbox v0.2 (DCS v0.2) as a runnable proof-of-apparatus pilot for measuring directional stabilization under intervention. The work follows the research program developed in Directionality Before Intention, which argues that directionality should be measured before stronger claims about intention-like behavior are introduced.

DCS v0.2 does not attempt to demonstrate intention, consciousness, agency, or endogenous goals in artificial systems. Instead, it tests whether a minimal measurement apparatus can separate directional profiles from sham effects, detect legitimate sign-flip behavior, measure ablation sensitivity, estimate seed reliability, and report results in reproducible machine-readable form.

The accompanying no-API software bundle implements a synthetic pilot using calibration archetypes: random, sham-vulnerable, sign-flip-insensitive, ablation-insensitive, integrated-directional, and seed-unstable controllers. These archetypes are diagnostic instruments rather than cognitive models. Their purpose is to verify that the apparatus can identify both supported directional profiles and expected failure modes.

The contribution of DCS v0.2 is to turn the conceptual claim that directionality should be measured before intention into a practical, inspectable, and falsifiable software scaffold. The release includes code, seeds, CSV outputs, JSON verdicts, threshold-sensitivity outputs, and failure-case logs, providing a basis for future grey-box and open-weight model studies.

This paper examines Joseph Margolis’s argument in The Importance of Being Earnest about the Definition and Metaphysics of Art, focusing on the relation between defining art and understanding its metaphysical status. Rejecting both essentialist definitions and the post-Wittgensteinian dismissal of the issue, Margolis argues that artworks should be understood as historically situated and culturally emergent entities. He maintains that the question “What is art?” cannot be separated from broader concerns regarding interpretation, historicity, and human cultural practices. The article thus reopens the debate on art by grounding aesthetics within a wider philosophical framework.

Keywords: definition of art; metaphysics of art; aesthetics; cultural emergence; interpretation.

This article is based on ethnographic observations made while studying human-animal relations among the Qom (Toba), an Indigenous group inhabiting the Gran Chaco region in northeastern Argentina. During this research, I encountered the figure of the werewolf among the Qom. However, fieldwork led me to hypothesize the existence of multiple forms of the werewolf, each enacted differently across the diverse ontological and social worlds that I observed. Using first-hand ethnographic material, this study analyzes the processes and characteristics that constitute the human-Qom-werewolf transformation. Understanding this metamorphosis requires engaging with Qom notions of animality, embodiment, and the porous boundaries between humans, animals, and other-than-human beings. Finally, the article situates Qom werewolves in dialogue with other regional representations of werewolves (Indigenous, Creole, and urban), aiming to elucidate the concepts of humanity and animality operative within Qom sociocosmology and to compare them with analogous conceptual frameworks across South America.

The theory of knowledge is normally a conditioning factor in philosophers’ attitudes concerning the
speculative enterprise undertaken in the proofs of God’s existence. This much is clear in the case of
Saint Thomas Aquinas, who rejected Anselm’s proof because he denied the human being’s direct
intellectual knowledge of the divine essence. Saint Anselm, however, never stated such a knowledge,
nor did he expressly theorize the process of human cognition. Notwithstanding, there are dispersed
elements of an implicit theory of knowledge in his writings, emerging ever since the Monologion.
The aim of this study is to survey those elements so as to outline the general vectors of a theory of
knowledge, which is fundamentally solidary not only with the four ways in the Monologion, but also
and especially with the sole argument in the Proslogion.

This paper presents a minimal toy simulation framework for distinguishing ordinary stability from directional tension, understood as a candidate non-conscious regulatory property of systems that differentially stabilize, reject, or requalify trajectories under interference.

The paper does not validate directional tension in real biological, artificial, social, cognitive, or physical systems. It does not test consciousness, agency, intention, subjective experience, or any universal physical law. Its purpose is narrower: to demonstrate that the proposed directional-tension metrics can be computed in a transparent toy setting and can separate predefined simulated archetypes under controlled assumptions.

The framework compares six archetypes: non-directional drift, rigid stability, simple adaptive control baseline, adaptive directional regulation, Goodhart-like imitation, and persistent Goodhart-like imitation. The analysis includes a default toy simulation run, selected metric profiles, RMSE/stability/robustness baseline comparisons, a robustness sweep, bootstrap confidence intervals, and a noise stress test.

The results show that rigid stability may preserve proximity to a target while failing requalification, that adaptive directional regulation produces a broader directional profile under interference, and that Goodhart-like imitation may appear superficially responsive while failing sham or sign-flip controls. The contribution is therefore methodological: the paper demonstrates metric usability in a minimal simulation environment and clarifies why stability alone is insufficient to capture the proposed directional-tension profile.

All claims are bounded to the toy framework. The paper should be read as a technical simulation note preparing future ablation studies, weight-sensitivity analyses, ROC/PR separability tests, active-inference-style baselines, and eventual empirical pilots.

This paper presents AWGS-Core (Adaptive World Generative System Core), an experimental architecture for emergent simulation based on dynamic ontologies, relational modeling, and process-oriented evolution of semantic states. Unlike traditional procedural simulation approaches or static entity representations, AWGS-Core proposes a computational structure in which the fundamental elements of the system are not discrete objects, but dynamically interconnected processes capable of modifying their own structural organization over time. The system integrates hybrid semantic processing, mutable ontological representation, dynamic rule generation, and temporal state evolution to explore partially autonomous adaptive simulation models.

El problema que los filósofos del Círculo vieron en la Metafísica posterior a Hegel y ejemplificada en Heidegger, era que sus teorías, conceptos y afirmaciones no decían nada que fuese verdadero o falso, y por lo tanto, no podían aportar algo para aumentar el conocimiento; sus obras podrían tener méritos artísticos, o servir como expresión de las actitudes emocionales de sus autores, y en ambos casos, podrían representar puntos de vista interesantes y actitudes valiosas ante la vida. Pero no transmitían conocimientos, y en tal sentido, no podían ser consideradas como filosofía.

This supplement provides a provisional measurement and reporting scaffold for the article Directional Tension in Complex Adaptive Systems. It formalizes directional tension as a candidate non-conscious regulatory property of self-maintaining complex adaptive systems under interference, while preserving strict boundaries against interpreting it as a physical force, energy, universal law, agency, intention, consciousness, or subjective experience.

The document introduces formal metric handles for interference drop, adaptive recovery, boundary discrimination, carryover appropriateness, requalification latency, conflict-resolution profile, meta-stability, sham separation, sign-flip directionality, and negative-control activation. It also defines provisional scaling bands, claim-cap rules, failed-control reporting requirements, adjudication-log requirements, downgrade reasons, falsification criteria, and a minimal reporting checklist.

The goal is to prevent directional tension from remaining a purely metaphorical construct or collapsing into a vague synonym for stability, goal-directedness, or surface-level coherence. The supplement does not present validated metrics, empirical results, or a completed simulation study. Instead, it provides a structured methodological scaffold for future toy simulations, pilot studies, and comparative analyses.

The supplement includes a toy-simulation design and Python skeleton, with the intended next step being a separate runnable simulation pack comparing rigid stability, adaptive directional regulation, non-directional drift, and Goodhart-like imitation under controlled interference.

A partir de 1924, Tanabe Hajime adoptó la nueva “Fenomenología de la Vida” y comenzó a desarrollar su propia
perspectiva a partir del trabajo de Heidegger. Su propósito al volver al Japón era difundir la filosofía del maestro,
pero, su camino se bifurcará en una dirección bastante diferente de aquella propuesta por Heidegger o Nishida. Muy
pronto, su retorno a la religión bajo la forma de la fe en Amida y el llamado camino de la “Tierra Pura”, decide
finalmente el curso de su obra, en la que se mezclan acentos budistas y cristianos según la figura paulista de la
Metánoia.

The Internet of Things (IoT) integration with agriculture has brought revolutionary changes to the field of data collection and analysis through agricultural evapotranspiration (ET) monitoring. IoT data logging systems integrate advanced sensors with wireless networks and cloud computing which enable real-time monitoring of soil moisture as well as soil temperature and humidity and atmospheric environmental conditions. Through innovative technological developments farmers can establish precise irrigation systems that enhance water resources and yield production and respond effectively to environmental changes. The Internet of Things delivers essential functions for precise agriculture by enabling automatic data acquisition and distant system monitoring basics for better decision-making. Current advancements in ET technologies involve the manufacturing of advanced sensors which combine high accuracy capabilities with low power consumption while using advanced communication systems with extensive range capabilities and artificial intelligence systems for forecasting ET estimations. The slow adoption rate of IoT in agriculture is affected by several barriers including the high costs of implementation as well as rural area network connectivity problems and security risks related to data protection. Better future research will concentrate on sensor price reduction along with better network infrastructure and AI algorithms for optimizing ET prediction accuracy. Increasing reliability along with efficiency in IoT agricultural systems requires tackling these specific issues. The potential of monitoring ET rates through IoT technology shows great promise to transform how farmers manage their water supply. Global food security becomes more sustainable through IoT enabled data-driven irrigation which reduces water wastage and enables superior crop production.

Psychological sciences have identified a wealth of cognitive processes and behavioral phenomena, yet struggle to produce cumulative knowledge. Progress is hamstrung by siloed scientific traditions and a focus on explanation over prediction, two issues that are particularly damaging for the study of multifaceted constructs like self-regulation. Here, we derive a psychological ontology from a study of individual differences across a broad range of behavioral tasks, self-report surveys, and self-reported real-world outcomes associated with self-regulation. Though both tasks and surveys putatively measure self-regulation, they show little empirical relationship. Within tasks and surveys, however, the ontology identifies reliable individual traits and reveals opportunities for theoretic synthesis. We then evaluate predictive power of the psychological measurements and find that while surveys modestly and heterogeneously predict real-world outcomes, tasks largely do not. We conclude that ...

Bioenergy is a renewable energy and is generated by treating biomass with various technologies. Depending upon the nature of biomass, it is more suitable for one technology than others, and they can further be treated with other technologies. Hence, the biomass follows a pathway of technologies, and the pathway is called bioenergy pathway. Currently, bioenergy pathways are created manually: either by manually sketching or by creating the data manually and generating diagrams from the data. Manually generated pathways are prone to human errors. A solution to this is creating semantic pathways automatically. In this paper, we present the bioenergy ontology to generate semantic pathways automatically. In particular, we have leveraged the Semantic Web technologies to represent the bioenergy knowledge and inferred the pathways. The case study has been carried out in one of the INTERREG Project and found promising results.

Parmenides enacted a breakthrough in the history of philosophy by isolating and turning thought toward the notion of "being as such" through the verb εἶναι, noun τὸ ἐόν, and their cognates. His uses of these terms have been well scrutinized. This essay is a consideration of the less-discussed language of being through the archaic verb πέλειν in Fragments 6 and 8. While there is no certainty that Parmenides' uses of πέλειν are decisive, the verb might offer further insight into Parmenidean being insofar as it indicates being in a dynamic, intermixed, and revealed sense. On this reading, πέλειν invokes being as the activity of that which is revealed to be the case in being as it is, emphasizing both intermixedness and completeness.

The aim of this paper is to outline a possible interpretation of Thomas Stearns Eliot's poem The Waste Land in the context of the problem of the historicity of subject, drawing on certain concepts from Martin Heidegger's Being and Time. Eliot's poetry, which is largely concerned with time, its figurations and possible relationships with it, provides an excellent field for such an experiment. In contrast to categories describing other types of being, it is existentials - that is, the characteristics of being such as Dasein (being there) -that prove to be a key factor. Existentials likely include temporality and historicity, from which the thematized concepts of time and history are derived. This interpretation does not decide whether the Dasein of The Waste Land - whatever it may be, as there are various possible ways to denote it - possesses temporality or historicity. Instead, through engagement with the text, the possibility emerges of outlining another existential, namely elementality, the phenomenal aspect of which would be the elements of nature, recurring repeatedly in the poem. This suggests the existence, somewhat alongside temporality and historicity, of a distinct realm whose identification and conceptualization could have a revitalizing impact on contemporary historical thinking.

metadata are underused and represents an interoperability challenge. This paper presents a new framework, called SMESE, and the implementation of its prototypes that consists of its semantic metadata model, a mapping ontology model and a user interest affinity model. This proposed framework makes these models interoperable with existing metadata models. SMESE also proposes a decision support process supporting the activation and deactivation of software features related to metadata. To consider context variability into account in modeling context-aware properties, SMESE makes use of an autonomous process that exploits context information to adapt software behavior using an enhanced metadata framework. When the user chooses preferences in terms of system behavior, the semantic weight of each feature is computed. This weight quantifies the importance of the feature for the user according to their interests. This paper also proposed a semantic metadata analysis ecosystem to support data harvesting according to a metadata model and a mapping ontology model. Data harvesting is coupled with internal and external enrichments. The initial SMESE prototype represents more than 400 millions of relationships (triplets). To conclude, this paper also presents the design and implementation of different prototypes of SMESE applied to digital ecosystems.

In this essay, I argue, first, that there's an ideological vicious triangle running between (i) materialist or physicalist views in the philosophy of mind and the metaphysics of free will inside the contemporary professional academy, (ii) the mechanistic worldview, and (iii) the social-institutional framework consisting of technocratic mega-capitalism together with its social-institutional matrix, neoliberal democratic or non-democratic coercive authoritarian nation-States and the military-industrial-university-digital complex, and their governing elites, and second, that the only way to break our of this ideological vicious triangle and make progress in the philosophy of mind, is to develop and disseminate theories of the mind-body relation and free will OUTSIDE that triangle.

This paper thoroughly analyses the theme of the gothic imagination in the works of Charlotte, Emily, and Anne Bronte, specifically in Jane Eyre, Wuthering Heights, and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. The novels portray romantic and sublime scenes with elements of terror, horror, and the uncanny, which intensify the expression of the gothic feelings experienced by the characters. The study also explores women's suffering in the context of gothic thought. Various factors inherent to the gothic genre contribute to the 19thcentury readers' fascination with the supernatural and thrilling emotions. This work explores gothic experiences depicted in novels using gothic tropes and critical approaches such as Marxism, feminism, or psychoanalysis. The use of the framing narrative technique remains a distinctive aspect of this study which worthily includes The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, a book that many critics have wrongly overlooked when interpreting the Bronte sisters' novels in the light of the gothic trend. The analysis considers the common gothic features that characterize the novels, rather than treating them separately. This reinforces and enhances the scope of the analysis of the Gothic vision of these Victorian novelists.

This book explores two fundamental concepts in philosophy: truth and relation. These concepts indicate the unconditioned condition and the empirical-formal universe that truth unilaterally conditions, respectively. Indeed, truth conditions the empirical-formal universe without being conditioned by it. It is argued that the reduction of truth to various theories explaining its empirical use has led to the unconditioned nature of truth itself being lost. But if truth is not grasped for its absolute value, it is reduced to relation.
The book aims to show that the concept of relation – if understood as a static construct of two terms and a nexus – is a contradictory construct, since it reconciles the irreconcilable: dependence and independences of the related terms. Thus, only insofar as truth is absolute is it authentic truth, because it does not depend on anything else, but is autonomous and self-sufficient. Indeed, if truth were not absolute, it would be determined and, as such, would be defined by a limit that would place it in relation to something other than itself, i.e. non-truth. But this is contradictory as it would make truth reliant on what is not truth. Instead, no determination can ground itself: the circle of referring that requires the determination to refer beyond itself cannot be the ground, because it configures nothing other than an infinite regress.
In conclusion, the book shows that truth has to be understood not only as the end of a quest, but also as its condition, since it is only in virtue of absolute truth that the inadequacy and therefore the unintelligibility of all that is finite or relative are recognised.
Truth and Relation is essential reading for all scholars, researchers and advanced students of philosophy and, in particular, of metaphysics and epistemology.

In the Transcendental Aesthetic of the Critique of Pure Reason (Kritik der reinen Vernunft, the first edition published in 1781 [the A edition] and the second edition published in 1787 [the B edition]), one finds the immanentist subjectivism of the transcendental idealist Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) as regards space and time. Describing the Transcendental Aesthetic's location and role in the Kritik der reinen Vernunft, Étienne Gilson and Thomas Langan write that "the Critique of Pure Reason is divided into two parts (very unevenly as to number of pages -in a typical edition, four hundred pages for the first and only eighty for the second part) -A Transcendental Doctrine of Elements, which analyzes the sources of human knowledge; and a Transcendental Doctrine of Method, which criticizes the use of «pure reason»; that is, the use of reason beyond sensible experience. Both are entitled «transcendental» because they examine the roots of all knowledge as such and hence what is exposed there goes beyond (transcends) all the categories and divisions of things to pronounce concerning Being itself as we know it. The Transcendental Doctrine of Elements is further divided into two parts, reflecting the «two sources of human knowledge (which probably spring from a common, but to us unknown root), namely, sense and understanding». 1 By the sense, objects are given to us; by the understanding, they are thought by us. The first part of the Critique, the Transcendental Aesthetic, studies, then, the way things are given to us within the forms of space and time, which Kant believes can and must be studied before we can study the conditions under which they are thought by the understanding." 2 For the immanentist of Königsberg, space and time are two a priori forms of sensibility. Copleston explains that, for Kant, "the capacity for receiving representations (Vorstellungen) of objects by being affected by them is named 'sensibility' (Sinnlichkeit). «By means of sensibility, therefore, objects are given to us, and it alone provides us with intuitions». 3 …Human intuition is sense intuition. And sensibility thus means the capacity for receiving representations of objects by being sensibly affected by them….The object of an empirical sensuous intuition is called by Kant 'appearance' (Erscheinung). And in the appearance we can distinguish two elements. First there is its matter. This is described as «that which corresponds to sensation». 4 Secondly, there is the form of appearance. And this is described as «that which enables the manifold of appearance to be arranged in certain relations». 5 Now, the form, as distinct from the matter, cannot be itself sensation, if the matter is described as that which corresponds to sensation. Hence, while the matter is given a posteriori, the form must lie on the side of the subject: that is to say, it must be a priori, an a priori form of sensibility, pertaining to the very structure of sensibility and constituting a necessary condition of all sense intuition. According to Kant, there are two pure forms of sensibility, space and time…Within the content of sense-experience we can distinguish between the material element, that which corresponds to indeterminate sensation, and the formal element, the spatio-temporal 1 I. KANT, Critique of Pure Reason, Introduction to the Second Edition, VII. It is typical of the spirit of the second edition to add that the two sources "probably" spring from a common but to us unknown root. 2 É.

As computer users face an increasing amount of various semi-structured information sources, the issue of correlating, integration and presenting related information to users becomes all the more important. As a solution, we propose the Semi-Structured Data Universal Data Browser, which, in its operations, makes use of descriptions of data sources that are presented in the form of meta-models or ontologies, ensuring the user's ability to use information from the data sources. Information from semi-structured data sources is analyzed, transformed and stored in the Semi-Structured Data Universal Data Browser database, which is based on meta-models. The ontologies of information in each data source are preserved, and they are mutually linked to logical and global ontologies through the use of mapping. As an example, we use the integration of information on Internet homepages about products and their classifications.

We propose a methodology of semi-automatic obtaining of a lightweight ontology for software testing domain based on the glossary “Standard glossary of terms used in Software Testing” created by ISTQB. From the same glossary many ontologies might be developed depending on the strategy for extracting concepts, categorizing them, and determining hierarchical and some other relationships. Initially we use the ONTO6 methodology that allows identification of the most important aspects in the given domain. These identified aspects serve as the most general concepts in taxonomy (roots in the concept hierarchy). By applying natural language processing techniques and analyzing the discovered relations between concepts, an intermediate representation of lightweight ontology is created. Afterwards the lightweight ontology is exported to OWL format, stored in the ontology editor Protégé, and analyzed and refined by OWLGrEd – an UML style graphical editor for OWL that interoperates with Protégé. ...

Tulisan ini membahas pergeseran posisi manusia dari subjek rasional pencari kebenaran menuju inang bagi "virus akal budi" dalam perspektif teori memetika Richard Brodie. Latar belakang berangkat dari pertentangan antara pandangan Aristoteles yang menempatkan manusia sebagai makhluk rasional dengan realitas budaya digital modern yang lebih didominasi oleh viralitas, emosi, dan reproduksi informasi. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis mekanisme kerja memetika, menjelaskan kerentanan kognitif manusia terhadap penyebaran meme, serta mengevaluasi dampaknya terhadap rasionalitas dan otonomi manusia di era digital. Sumber utama tulisan ini adalah buku Virus of the Mind karya Richard Brodie yang dikaji melalui pendekatan filsafat kritis dan kepustakaan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa meme bekerja seperti virus mental yang memanfaatkan insting biologis manusia, seperti ketakutan, seksualitas, imitasi sosial, dan kebutuhan dasar, demi mereplikasi dirinya secara masif melalui media digital. Kondisi tersebut menyebabkan degradasi rasionalitas, hilangnya kemampuan reflektif, serta munculnya budaya reaktif yang rentan terhadap manipulasi, fanatisme, dan ekstremisme. Sebagai upaya menghadapi fenomena tersebut, makalah ini menawarkan pendekatan kesadaran Zen melalui mindfulness, refleksi diri, dan pengendalian konsumsi informasi sebagai bentuk "disinfeksi" terhadap virus akal budi.

How could non-material spiritual causation-affirmed by religious traditions as genuinely real-produce tangible effects in human experience? This paper develops a non-reductive philosophical framework that addresses this question without reducing the spiritual to the psychological or positing pseudo-physical mechanisms. Drawing on a minimal predictive cognition thesis, I argue that human experience is constitutively mediated by informational structures, and that this opens the conceptual space for non-physical informational influence. I develop a model of informational constraint-based causation grounded in a dual-aspect ontology of semantic content, wherein spiritual causation operates not as an efficient physical force but as a top-down modulation of the predictive architecture of the mind. The paper confronts reductive physicalism directly, arguing that its inability to account for the causal efficacy of semantic content renders non-reductive alternatives metaphysically viable. I then apply this framework to the case of sorcery (siḥr) within the Islamic theological tradition, treating it as an illustrative case study rather than an independent evidential ground. After clarifying epistemological boundaries, distinguishing between the possibility and the phenomenological mediation of affliction, and offering probabilistic discernment indicators rather than infallible criteria, the paper demonstrates that a non-reductive account of spiritual causation is both metaphysically coherent and empirically consonant with contemporary cognitive science. The broader implication is that cognitive mediation, far from undermining spiritual realism, is the very condition of its manifestability in human life.

As informações disponíveis na Web devem ser melhor organizadas para que os usuários possam recuperá-las de forma mais rápida e significativa. As transformações que normalmente acontecem nas páginas Web, com o objetivo de torná-las mais interativas e dinâmicas, por meio da inserção de informações sem critérios de organização, podem gerar desconforto aos usuários que nem sempre conseguem localizar o que desejam. Tal problema resulta em perdas significativas de informação e gera insatisfação nos usuários dos respectivos espaços informacionais, que nem sempre conseguem localizar o que desejam. Segundo Souza e Alvarenga (2006) a Web Semântica oferece várias contribuições aos mais diversos campos de estudos relativos ao tratamento da informação. Tais contribuições se dão por meio de sua proposta de estruturar o conteúdo da Web CARLAN, 2006). Dessa forma, a partir da organização das informações, é possível que agentes de software percorram a rede, página a página, para realizar tarefas consideradas "trabalhosas" para o usuário com o objetivo de recuperar a informação desejada. Para facilitar a realização dessas tarefas, é fundamental o uso de ontologias, que fornecem um vocabulário compartilhado para modelar determinado domínio (área do conhecimento), seus conceitos, propriedades, relações, restrições . As ontologias são a principal camada da Web Semântica, existindo vários tipos que podem ser classificadas de acordo com a sua finalidade. Já a Arquitetura da Informação para Web define as formas básicas para disponibilizar informações nos websites por meio dos seus sistemas de organização, navegação, rotulação e busca, também denominados de "Componentes da Arquitetura da Informação" (MORVILLE; ROSENFELD, 2006, p. 49, tradução nossa). Para que tais sistemas possam melhorar a estrutura desses websites, é necessário que sejam aplicados durante o seu desenvolvimento metodologias com recomendações para cada etapa do processo, com base em estudos relativos à usabilidade, estudo do usuário e interface humano-computador (SAPIENT, 2000 apud MORROGH, 2003;. Segundo Morville e Rosenfeld (2006), existe uma pesquisa da Vividence, feita com 69 websites, apontando que 5 dos 7 principais problemas estão relacionados à Arquitetura de Informação, sendo estes: resultados de busca organizados inadequadamente, arquitetura de informação pobre, home page com informações confusas, rótulos confusos e navegação inconsistente. XI Encontro Nacional de Pesquisa em Ciência da Informação Inovação e inclusão social: questões contemporâneas da informação Rio de Janeiro, 25 a 28 de outubro de 2010 desenvolvedores quanto para agregar os componentes (sistemas) da Arquitetura da Informação para Web em seu processo de desenvolvimento. Como é possível observar, a InfoArch pode contribuir diretamente com os vários profissionais que já trabalham ou venham a trabalhar com Arquitetura da Informação para Web, tanto na área acadêmica em pesquisa, ensino ou extensão, quanto na área coorporativa com as pessoas e empresas responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento de sites.

This essay argues that Alice Ambrose's early published articles precede key elements of W.V. Quine's later critiques, first of "Truth by convention" (Quine 1936) and later of the analytic-synthetic distinction (Quine 1951). I demonstrate how Ambrose identifies in writing as early as in 1931: (1) the paradox of treating logical principles as mere conventions, (2) the infinite-regress in stipulative definitions, (3) the pre-conditional role of logic for any convention, and (4) the instability of the analytic-synthetic divide. Ambrose's insights, therefore, prefigure Margaret Macdonald's 1934 unpublished dissertation (Cf. Spinney 2025) and predate some of Quine's major contributions a few years before he made them popular.

What is a society? What is political power? John Searle claims that previous political philosophers not only neglected these fundamental questions but also lacked the means to effectively address them. Good answers, he thinks, depend on theories of speech acts, intentionality, and constitutive rules first developed by analytic philosophers. But Searle is mistaken. Early phenomenologists had already developed the requisite theories. Reinach's philosophy of law includes a theory of speech acts. This theory is based on Husserl's account of intentionality. Edith Stein extended that account by offering a detailed description of collective intentionality. And it was Stein who brought these strands of early phenomenological research together to address the very questions of political philosophy Searle regards as both fundamental and neglected. In this paper, I recount Stein's answers to these questions and argue that they compare favourably with those of Searle.

Another rare book 99% of the public has no reference to when it comes to deep, high-quality literature. Emerging out of the high intellectual age of the mid-1800s - before modern fake pop-physics (sic) and the spoilage of much twentieth and twenty-first century thought - exhaustive books like these existed, filled to the brim with cosmological facts, medical metaphysics, sacred geology, force-dynamics, rational theology, physiological anthropology, and universal science. This colossal 1,132-page double-volume synthesis by unknown heavy hitters and polymaths, Dr. Martyn Paine, A.M., M.D., LL.D. - Book I - and Dr. Laurens P. Hickok, D.D. - Book II - stands as a forgotten monument to the age when physicians, cosmologists, metaphysicians, astronomers, geologists, theologians, and natural philosophers still pursued existence as one vast interconnected continuum of intelligible order. Here the body becomes a cryptic manuscript of invisible vitality, instinct becomes an embedded directive intelligence operating beneath conscious reflection, the earth becomes a stratified archive of catastrophic memory, and the stars themselves become luminous witnesses to eternal law, cosmic architecture, and divine causality.

Across these immense volumes the reader enters a universe alive with formative powers, hidden principles, radiant energies, psychical gradations, and architectonic laws extending from the microscopic organization of living tissue to the rotational mechanics of planetary systems and stellar distribution. Nerves, instincts, magnetism, crystallization, atmospheric heat, electrical polarity, geological upheaval, luminous atmospheres, cometary trajectories, vegetative propagation, animal sensation, rational consciousness, and metaphysical causation are all gathered into one encyclopedic order of correspondential inquiry. The result resembles a grand republic of sciences before the fragmentation of knowledge into isolated specialties: a world where physiology converses with cosmology, geology with Genesis, force with consciousness, astronomy with metaphysics, and anthropology with eternal principles.

Martyn Paine writes from the center of deep nineteenth-century medical scholarship with the authority of a physician deeply immersed in anatomy, therapeutics, organic law, and physiological investigation. His vast inquiry into soul and instinct unfolds as an immense psycho-physiological cosmography of living existence. The body appears throughout his work as a hieratic organism animated by formative vitality and governed through ascending degrees of organic intelligence. Instinct occupies a central mystery within this system. Animal life reveals hidden directive operations that exceed mechanical reaction and display coordinated purposive activity embedded within creation itself. Migration, reproduction, nest-construction, species continuity, adaptation, memory-patterns, and preservative tendencies become expressions of inward teleodynamic order operating beneath reflective self-consciousness.

Paine’s exploration of instinct reaches into obscure territories of archaic psychology and proto-noetic anthropology rarely discussed in later scientific literature. The animal kingdom becomes a living theater of embedded intelligence where invisible formative principles guide action through laws deeper than sensation alone. Organic life displays architectonic continuity, suggesting to Paine that the visible organism is governed by concealed formative powers working through tissue, nervous systems, vitality, and inherited structures of directive behavior. Human consciousness rises above these lower instinctive strata through rational self-reflection, moral apprehension, symbolic thought, and spiritual awareness, establishing humanity as a unique ontological threshold between terrestrial life and transcendent intelligence.

The geological and cosmological sections of Paine’s work unfold with equal magnitude. Coal formations, fossil deposits, stratified layers, diluvial sediments, terrestrial fractures, and cataclysmic reorganizations are treated as earth-memory structures preserving traces of primordial convulsions and sacred historical transitions. The Flood traditions become part of a larger geognostic drama involving planetary upheaval, atmospheric transformation, hydrological violence, and civilizational rupture. Paine approaches Genesis as a highly ordered cosmogenic document whose internal architecture encodes anthropological sequence, organic development, and metaphysical law within the language of sacred narrative.

Laurens P. Hickok then extends the inquiry outward into the immense architecture of the cosmos itself.

Beginning from the Absolute Creator and the conditions of rational understanding, Hickok constructs one of the nineteenth century’s great forgotten systems of cosmological metaphysics. Matter appears dynamically charged with force-relations rather than inert extension. Gravity, magnetism, electricity, heat, light, crystallization, motion, polarity, planetary arrangement, and stellar distribution are organized into a unified hierarchy of necessary laws governing the structure of universal existence.

Hickok’s treatment of force and cosmical order preserves a remarkable intellectual bridge between classical natural philosophy and emerging scientific energetics. Heat functions as transformative and diremptive agency capable of separation, expansion, and reorganizing motion. Magnetism reveals universal polarity operating through attraction, repulsion, dip, induction, and invisible directional coherence. Electricity unfolds through tension, molecular vibration, conductive states, and electro-dynamic circulation. Crystalline structures embody frozen geometries generated through hidden axial laws and formative symmetry. Light radiates through luminous atmospheres, optical refractions, polarizations, and vibratory propagation. Comets become wandering cosmical bodies entering and departing systems according to lawful celestial mechanics. Nebulae, stellar clusters, planetary inclinations, rings, satellites, and central suns all reveal a stratified universe governed through intelligible architectonic principles.

One of Hickok’s most extraordinary contributions lies in his doctrine of universal gradation. Matter organizes into worlds; worlds generate environments; environments sustain life; life ascends through vegetative and animal orders; rational consciousness emerges as the consummating summit where the universe becomes capable of self-interpretation. Humanity therefore occupies a sacred cosmological station within creation: the self-conscious interpreter of universal law. The human being functions simultaneously as organism, rational center, moral witness, symbolic intelligence, and metaphysical participant within the larger cosmic order.

Together these double volumes preserve an astonishing archive of forgotten intellectual categories and lost interdisciplinary sciences: sacred geognosy, force-metaphysics, instinctive teleodynamics, psychogenic cosmology, crystalline ontology, etheric luminosity theory, theological physics, proto-electrodynamics, anti-materialist anthropology, macrocosm-microcosm correspondences, spiritual energetics, ontological gradationism, cosmogenic stratigraphy, luminous ontology, metaphysical zoology, astro-theological architectonics, and noetic physiology. Their combined vision restores an older mode of scholarship where the universe remains inwardly alive with intelligibility, hierarchy, radiance, formative law, and transcendent meaning.

Within this immense republic of knowledge, the soul is approached through physiology, the cosmos through reason, geology through catastrophe, instinct through hidden intelligence, and creation through universal law. Body and star, nerve and nebula, crystal and consciousness, force and spirit, flood and fossil, magnetism and morality, organism and eternity become interconnected layers within one immense cosmological drama governed by rational order and divine causality.
(KEY) - TAGS - with explanations of each - 1/I - Pneumato-Physiology - The doctrine that life cannot be reduced to chemistry because living motion carries formative intention, invisible animation, and supra-mechanical continuity beyond inert matter.
2/II - Noetic Vitalism - Intelligence embedded within living structures before verbal thought emerges, where instinct acts as a lower mirror of rational consciousness.
3/III - Psychogenic Cosmology - The universe interpreted as a graduated theater where mind, force, and matter unfold in layered correspondences rather than isolated accidents.
4/IV - Ontological Hierarchies of Being - Minerals, plants, animals, man, and spiritual reason arranged as ascending degrees of manifestation and interior complexity.
5/V - Instinctive Teleodynamics - The hidden directional intelligence by which creatures perform architectonic acts without  ...

Technik und Technologie sind im ›westlichen‹ Sprachgebrauch Begriffe,
die in den meisten Verwendungsweisen und Diskussionen eine Reihe
äußerst problematischer Präsuppositionen enthalten. Zum einen
begegnet uns in ihnen, um nur ein paar zentrale Exklusionsmechanismen
zu benennen, zumeist die anthropozentrische Vorstellung, dass
es sich bei technischen Verfahrenspraktiken oder Dingen, um ausschließlich
oder hauptsächlich menschliche Handlungen oder Produkte
handele. Zum anderen ist der Verwendung dieser Begriffe zumeist
ein explizit ethnozentrischer Chauvinismus inhärent, der davon ausgeht,
dass die ›richtige‹ Technologie, der ›wirkliche technische Fortschritt‹
erst mit der europäischen Moderne aufgekommen wäre. Des
Weiteren werden Technologien meist nur als solche benannt, wenn es
sich um Praktiken oder Produkte handelt, die in irgendeiner Art von
menschlichen Körpern mit Dingen außerhalb ihrer Körper hergestellt
werden. Wohingegen die enormen Leistungen, die menschliche oder
nicht-menschliche Organismen mit den Möglichkeiten ihrer Körper,
ihrer eigenen Biochemie, Sinnesphysiologie oder Biomechanik entwickeln
können, nur in wenigen Kreisen überhaupt als Technologien begriffen
werden. In diesem Artikel sollen demgegenüber Begriffe von Körper,
Technik und Natur entwickelt werden, die Alternativen zu den angeführten chauvinistischen Exklusionen vorschlagen.

El abecedario es un compendio de conceptos sobre los que Deleuze habló en un programa de televisión entrevistado por su alumna y amiga Claire Parnet. La estructura, aquí, es muy sencilla. En primer lugar, introduciremos el concepto deleuziano y en segundo lugar ofreceremos una lectura mediante una obra de arte pictórica.
[Este texto forma parte del libro Acontecimiento espacio-tierra contra el sentido común. Inmersión en la máquina Deleuze-Guattari publicado por Ápeiron Ediciones en el año 2024].

This document establishes the ontological, epistemological, and axiological foundations of the Unified Information-Density Theory (UIDT). Rather than postulating spacetime as a primordial arena, UIDT identifies a single real scalar field, the vacuum information density S(x), as the fundamental geometric degree of freedom. Spacetime geometry and the Yang-Mills mass gap emerge through mathematically necessary fixed-point dynamics [A-] (locally proven within the UIDT axiomatic framework; see L8 for the open question of global uniqueness), while cosmological parameters are calibrated to current observational data [C] and remain subject to revision as precision surveys advance.

he framework rests upon four explicit axioms and unfolds through a Four-Pillar Architecture: (I) quantum field-theoretic foundation, including local constructive evidence for the Yang-Mills spectral gap Delta = 1.710 +/- 0.015 GeV [A-] within the UIDT axiom system; (II) cosmological harmony, with calibrated agreement to DESI, JWST, and ACT data [C]; (III) laboratory-verifiable predictions, including a scalar resonance at mS = 1.705 +/- 0.015 GeV [D] and a Casimir force anomaly at lambda = 0.66 nm [D]; and (IV) a photonic isomorphism that maps the vacuum scalar field onto metamaterial refractive-index profiles.

Every quantitative claim carries an explicit evidence classification (A through E), every prediction is accompanied by a falsification criterion, and every known limitation (L1-L12) is transparently disclosed. The ontological position advanced here is neither naive Platonism nor computational simulation: it is the claim that mathematical structure, when sufficiently constrained, does not describe physical reality but constitutes it.

Git Hub: Github.com/Mass-Gap/UIDT-Framework-v3.9-Canonical/
gh repo clone Mass-Gap/UIDT-Framework-v3.9-Canonical

This article deepens the exact mechanism by which rupture of the protective field generates psychic pathologies, descending to the phenomenological level of irreducible biological experience. It proposes that the human being is not a computational entity, but an entity of sensory and relational experience: loving, protecting, and learning are only intelligible to the biological system through direct relationship between beings, not through informational descriptions. From this premise, the Ontology of Importance is developed-a distinction between unconditional biological value () and transactional institutional value ()-and it is demonstrated that the child instinctively perceives this asymmetry, which compromises the institution's capacity to function as a substitute for primary bonding. The Fallacy of Standardization is exposed through documented biological variability-such as the menarche range (9 to 16 years)as empirical proof that human developmental milestones cannot be regulated by decree. Autonomy is redefined as a proprioceptive achievement: a process analogous to complex motor learning that requires an accessible protective field until the internal consolidation of balance. The principle of Adaptive Prudence is introduced-deep social changes must follow the same safety protocol as critical biological systems: gradual testing, incremental validation, partial reversibility, and continuous monitoring. The article integrates and expands the series begun in Ecology of Cognition, The Priest and the System, and The Erosion of Biological Hardware (Caputo, 2026).

This article proposes directionality as a general evaluation primitive for analyzing whether systems preserve, redirect, deform, or lose specified trajectories under constraints and interference. Rather than treating directionality as conscious purpose, hidden intention, or metaphysical essence, the paper defines it operationally as an organized trajectory through a space of possible states, shaped by constraints, exposed to perturbations, and assessed by explicit preservation criteria.

The article synthesizes prior methodological work on the Re-Subjectivation Guard (RSG), Relevance-Bound Intention-like Direction (RBID), direction-under-interference evaluation, and the Non-Conscious Directionality (NCD) Toolkit. RSG prevents the inference from subject-like language to subjectivity. RBID prevents the inference from goal completion to intention. NCD prevents the inference from direction to consciousness. The present article generalizes these distinctions into a broader cross-domain framework.

The framework distinguishes directionality from motion, task completion, goal pursuit, intention, agency, consciousness, purpose, and value. It introduces a directional evaluation schema, practical application sequence, claim-discipline hierarchy, and taxonomy of failure modes such as teleological inflation, anthropomorphic projection, proxy-direction confusion, benchmark Goodharting, direction-language substitution, sterile mechanism bias, continuity imitation, and evaluator drift.

The article does not claim that directionality proves consciousness, intention, agency, or intrinsic purpose. Its contribution is methodological: it provides a disciplined evaluative grammar for asking what trajectory is being stabilized, under what constraints, against what interference, and what level of claim is supported by the evidence.

History has long shaped our expectations of what the past is and how it should be recalled, written, and displayed. Thus while objects of all ages endure and accumulate around us-often broken and fragmented-we continue to interpret them through historical tropes of completion, succession, and replacement. What if we were to see this indiscriminate persistence and fragmentation not as archaeological defects to be mended by history and historical narration, but as material expressions suggestive of pasts other than history? What might these other pasts look like, and how might we account for them?

In this book, Bjørnar Olsen and Christopher Witmore pursue these questions. Drawing on more than a decade of fieldwork at Sværholt-an abandoned fishing hamlet, Wehrmacht artillery battery, and prisoner-of-war camp in Arctic Norway-they explore what difference archaeology can make when working with objects of war routinely saturated by history. Through meticulous material investigations, novel ways of writing, and striking imagery, the authors open glimpses onto the distinctive pasts that forgotten things remember. In attending to what endures above and below the surface, they also confront central challenges of archaeological thought and interpretation, developing new conceptions of presence, patience, and waiting. The result is a bold and compelling vision of what archaeology might yet become.

The systems of education in the world have adopted many philosophies of education that are either skewed toward change or committed to conservancy. African philosophy and African philosophy of education form an activity and a process which is context-sensitive, whereby the relativity factor defines the peculiarity of thinking about education. However, alien philosophies have permeated the systems of education in Africa. The fulcrum of this treatise is to initiate thought which is necessary to avert this contemporary situation facing education theory, policy, and practice in Africa by interleaving African ontology and epistemology to augment the systems of education. Additionally, this treatise brings to the frontline the essence of African thought in education. This treatise underlines that education that teaches the learner about learning is insufficient, because the focal point of such education is to draw its attention only to the essentials for the longevity of an alienated pedagogy itself as well as to perpetuate the supremacy of foreign influence.