Carrying Capacity and Ecological Footprint

ITA: L’articolo analizza il caso di Sorrento come destinazione emblematica del paradosso turistico contemporaneo: il successo economico prodotto dal turismo di massa coincide con una crescente fragilità infrastrutturale, ambientale e sociale. Attraverso un confronto con studi precedenti e dati recenti, il testo riflette sui limiti dei concetti di carrying capacity e overtourism, proponendo di integrarli con una prospettiva antropologica attenta alla percezione locale del disagio, fino alla nozione di turismofobia. Sorrento appare così come un laboratorio critico in cui il turismo, pur restando una risorsa decisiva, rischia di compromettere la qualità della vita dei residenti e la stessa attrattività del luogo, rendendo necessarie forme di governance più sostenibili e partecipate.
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ENG: This article examines Sorrento as an emblematic case of the contemporary tourism paradox: the economic success generated by mass tourism coincides with growing infrastructural, environmental, and social fragility. Drawing on earlier studies and recent data, the paper reflects on the limits of the concepts of carrying capacity and overtourism, suggesting that they should be complemented by an anthropological perspective focused on local perceptions of discomfort, including the notion of tourism-phobia. Sorrento thus emerges as a critical laboratory in which tourism, while remaining a key economic resource, risks undermining both residents’ quality of life and the destination’s own attractiveness, making more sustainable and participatory forms of governance increasingly necessary.
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FRA: Cet article analyse le cas de Sorrente comme destination emblématique du paradoxe touristique contemporain : le succès économique produit par le tourisme de masse coïncide avec une fragilité croissante des infrastructures, de l’environnement et du tissu social. À partir d’une comparaison entre études antérieures et données récentes, le texte interroge les limites des notions de carrying capacity et d’overtourism, en proposant de les compléter par une perspective anthropologique attentive à la perception locale du malaise, jusqu’à la notion de tourismophobie. Sorrente apparaît ainsi comme un laboratoire critique où le tourisme, tout en restant une ressource économique essentielle, risque de compromettre la qualité de vie des habitants ainsi que l’attractivité même du lieu, ce qui rend nécessaire une gouvernance plus durable et participative.

This study examines the asymmetric effects of natural resource, renewable energy, economic growth, and technology on environmental sustainability in Central Asian (CA) economies. Using panel data for Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, environmental sustainability is measured through ecological footprint (EF) and CO₂ emissions. To capture heterogeneity across different levels of environmental pressure, the study employs the Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR), which allows parameter estimates to vary across the conditional distribution of the dependent variables. The empirical results reveal that natural resource rents significantly exacerbate both EF and CO₂ emissions across all quantiles, with stronger effects observed at higher levels of ecological pressure for EF and at lower quantiles for CO₂ emissions. In contrast, renewable energy consumption contributes to environmental improvement by reducing EF across most quantiles and lowering CO₂ emissions particularly at higher emission levels. Economic growth is found to intensify environmental degradation throughout the distribution, indicating that current growth patterns in CA remain environmentally unsustainable. Technology consistently mitigates environmental pressure across all quantiles, with its impact strengthening as EF and emissions increase. These results underscore the importance of transitioning from resource-dependent growth toward renewable energy deployment and improved resource governance to achieve long-term environmental sustainability in CA economies. The study provides novel quantile-based evidence that supports differentiated and context-specific environmental policies in resource-rich emerging regions.

Globally, cities are increasingly adopting placemaking approaches to enhance urban life around transit hubs. However, in Dhaka, this concept remains underexplored, with limited foundational knowledge for effective planning. This study evaluates the placemaking performance of three metro station areas along Dhaka's MRT Line 6-Shewrapara, Karwan Bazar, and Dhaka University. Its objective is to establish a baseline understanding of the current condition of station areas for informed development. Guided by four placemaking dimensions-access and linkage, comfort and image, uses and activities, and sociability-the study employs a mixed-method approach, including key informant interviews, questionnaire surveys, and field observations. Findings reveal that Karwan Bazar and Dhaka University stations perform near the average, showing relative strengths in connectivity and integration, while Shewrapara lags slightly, particularly in accessibility and green space. The research contributes to the limited discourse on placemaking in Bangladesh and offers practical insights for planners, policymakers, and urban stakeholders.

First-and last-mile accessibility is a critical component of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD), influencing how efficiently users can access and disperse from transit hubs. This paper reviews existing scholarly literature to identify and synthesise the various factors impacting first and last-mile connectivity. The review categorises these factors into physical infrastructure, socio-demographic attributes, land use characteristics, service-related parameters, and perceptual or behavioural aspects. Drawing on studies from global cities and developing countries, particularly India, the paper also examines policy interventions and planning frameworks aimed at enhancing last-mile accessibility. Findings highlight that integrated planning, multimodal infrastructure, and user-centric design are essential to improve connectivity, particularly in rapidly urbanising contexts. The review concludes by identifying research gaps and offering a conceptual framework for future empirical studies.

This study examines the intersections of tourism governance, land-use zoning, and environmental carrying capacity in Biliran Province, Philippines a small-island destination undergoing rapid tourism growth. Using a mixed-methods design anchored in sustainability and governance frameworks, it analyzes how local government units (LGUs), tourism stakeholders, and communities manage spatial expansion while safeguarding ecological and heritage assets. Data were collected through policy document reviews, key-informant interviews, and on-site ecological assessments across six municipalities. Findings indicate a critical imbalance between tourism promotion and environmental regulation, resulting in localized pressure on coastal zones, limited waste management capacity, and inconsistent zoning enforcement. A governancebased carrying capacity model was proposed to align visitor management with local land-use plans, ensuring ecological resilience and social equity. The study contributes to sustainable island tourism discourse by offering a context-specific model applicable to similar archipelagic regions.

This paper explores stress as exergy — the usable energy that drives adaptation and cooperative complexity in socio-ecological systems.
Rather than treating stress as purely destructive, it is redefined as a potential resource for learning and resilience.
The framework bridges thermodynamics, neuroscience, and social evolution, suggesting new ways to assess sustainability through adaptive capacity rather than resource abundance.

Resumen: El territorio y los recursos juegan un papel esencial en toda actividad turística. En los últimos años, la actividad atravesó transformaciones desde el punto de vista de la gestión y ha utilizado herramientas tendientes a mitigar o evitar los impactos turísticos negativos sobre el territorio.

SUMMARY - The stability of biomass has been used as a useful parameter to indicate the range of fluctuations of primary productivity in grasslands. Stability is closely related to many properties of ecosystems such as inertia, richness, disturbance level, primary productivity, etc. In this paper, we shall explore the properties of stability as a grazing indicator for an appropriate management of Red Deer (Cervus elaphus L.) in the Monfragüe Biosphere Reserve and National Park (SW Spain). We have found that this parameter is very useful to determine semi- quantitative scales of disturbance that could be applied to sustainable management systems of Mediterranean grasslands.

This paper examines the pivotal role of the Greek Council of State in ensuring environmental protection, highlighting its evolution from a purely judicial authority to a key institutional guarantor of sustainable development. Beginning with Greece's constitutional provision (Article 24) enshrining environmental protection as a fundamental obligation of public authorities, the paper outlines the unique characteristics of the Greek legal system, particularly the concentration of political power and the central role of the Council of State in balancing this power.

The author explores the "green jurisprudence" of the Council, noting its innovative and often controversial environmental rulings. Through key decisions, the Council of State has developed a comprehensive test of environmental sustainability that integrates ecological, economic, and social considerations. The paper delves into how the Council has resisted accusations of judicial activism, emphasizing its role in ensuring the legality and proportionality of environmental decisions without overstepping the boundaries of judicial authority.

A central theme is the evolution of the legal framework for environmental protection in Greece, notably the adoption of environmental impact assessments (EIAs) and spatial planning, which have allowed the Council to refine its role and avoid "activism." The paper traces the evolution of these tools and discusses their application in landmark cases, such as the development of the Chalkidiki gold mines and the regeneration of the Ellinikon site.

In recent years, the Council's approach has evolved to address growing pressures for economic development, especially in the context of tourism and urbanization in sensitive areas like the Cyclades Islands. The paper concludes that the Council's jurisprudence, particularly its development of the "carrying capacity" concept, aims to integrate environmental concerns into a broader, long-term strategy for sustainable development. This evolving role of the Council of State serves as a model for balancing ecological protection with the demands of modern governance, setting the stage for future challenges posed by the climate crisis.

Se analizan 22 diferentes ecuaciones de regresión (11 modelos con y sin constante) sobre datos de materia seca (MS) y tamaño de arbustos de brezo (Erica arborea) procedentes del Parque Rural de Anaga (Tenerife) al objeto de encontrar ecuaciones de predicción de la MS que puedan ser utilizadas con confiabilidad en el análisis de la capacidad de carga de las áreas de fayal-brezal utilizadas por la Agrupación Caprina Canaria.

The study is focused on the pattern of soil salinity at the young loamy coastal plains of the Caspian Sea in Russia and Iran which were released from water less than 300 years ago. At two key sites of 45×30 m (Russia) and 25×20 m (Iran), the soil sampling with 1 to 5 m grid was performed to the depth of 1 m. The electrical conductivity (1 : 2.5) was measured in soil samples and soil sa-linity maps were compiled. Soils are represented by solonchaks with 2–3% of salts in the top layer or highly saline soils partly leached in the upper 5–10 cm. The ground water table is shallow (2–2.5 m). The studied sites are different in terms of climate, microtopography, and vegetation cover but spatial differentiation of soil salinity is quite similar what is evidenced from the similar distributions (mean values and variance) of electrical conductivity in almost all studied depths. The redistribution of salts is mainly observed in the upper 50 cm with the maximal manifestation in the upper 5 cm.

En este artículo se presentan las razones que animaron la creación de una herramienta para valorar la importancia que diversos espacios museales dan a sus públicos, especialmente a aquellos que los visitan. Para ello, tomamos en consideración diversos aspectos que afectan su visita, de acuerdo con lo señalado por autores estudiosos de la experiencia de visita, así como desde los aportes de los estudios de públicos. En primer lugar, relatamos el proceso de diseño de la herramienta Índice de Centralidad en los Públicos (icp), sus fundamentos conceptuales y las transformaciones que tuvo desde su creación; en segundo, presentamos el instrumento con su protocolo de aplicación, el cual fue validado en sucesivas experiencias realizadas en espacios museales diversos y acompañados por profesionales de diferentes áreas que contribuyeron a enriquecer esta herramienta. Centralidad, evaluación, espacios museales, estudios de públicos.

Las denominaciones geográficas en este libro y el material que contiene no entrañan, por parte de WWF, juicio alguno respecto de la condición jurídica de países, territorios o áreas, ni respecto del trazado de sus fronteras o límites 338.4791 C236 Capacidad de carga turística de las áreas de uso público del Monumento Nacional Guayabo, Costa Rica / Miguel Cifuentes Arias ..

From 1919 through the early 1950s, agricultural scientists affiliated with the University of California and agricultural scientists setting up settlements in Mandatory Palestine traveled between California and Palestine on a series of research trips. Building on conversations in historical political ecology and critical political ecologies of settler colonialism and racial capitalism, this article sets out to answer: how was agricultural science part of the project of settler colonialism in both California and Palestine in the first half of the twentieth century? Through an analysis of archival materialsfield notes, professional and personal correspondence, and scholarly and popular media publications by US and European Jewish Zionist scientists-I argue that these scientists naturalized and made universal racial hierarchies through transnational technoscientific collaboration. US and Zionist scientists engaged in exchange and debate in two topics: the proper physical organization of and location of farms, and; the concept of carrying capacity of the land of historic Palestine. In both, agricultural science was used as an objective reason to elevate Western ideologies of proper cultivation and capitalist yield. This justified the dispossession of Palestinians from their land because they were "poor stewards." This historical case study holds implications for contemporary issues around land and population by Zionists in Israel today, and related debates in global sustainable development at large.

Since the early 2010s, all Chinese megacities have adopted points systems that allow ordinary people to apply for urban citizenship (hukou) in the city where they live. Although intended for applicants other than ‘talents’, points systems are highly selective. They are used to adjust urban population growth to economic development and to available resources. Based on research in Shenzhen, and combining Foucault and Gramsci, this article makes three arguments: first, points systems intensify the hukou system’s spatial governmentality, in that they set up a competition for scarce resources that shapes self-governing urban citizens; second, they are justified in ways that seek to produce consent, by giving them uncontestable grounding in science; and third, the gap between their proclaimed benefits and their actual, complex workings gives rise to critique, and even class-based critique.

Laju pertumbuhan penduduk di Provinsi Kalimantan Timur mendorong bertambahnya permintaan berbagai kebutuhan sumberdaya terutama bahan pangan yang dihasilkan oleh lahan pertanian. Pembangunan yang cenderung mengarah pada pertumbuhan ekonomi,, lahan pertanian terutama pertanian tanaman pangan terus mendapatkan tekanan dari perluasan lahan pertambangan dengan laju pertumbuhan lahan rata-rata tahun 2012-2016 sebesar 2,18%. Tekanan dari penggunaan lahan pertambangan mempengaruhi kondisi ketahanan pangan Provinsi Kalimantan Timur di masa mendatang karena terus berkurangnya lahan pertanian yang ada saat ini. Dengan kondisi tersebut, diperlukan arahan untuk mengoptimalkan lahan pertanian tanaman pangan dengan mempertimbangkan kondisi ekologisnya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah merumuskan metode optimalisasi lahan tanaman pangan di Provinsi Kalimantan Timur berdasarkan pendekatan telapak ekologis. Telapak ekologis merupakan pendekatan yang digunakan untuk mengukur total biaya ekologis (dalam area lahan) dari aktivitas manusia. Pendekatan ini dipilih karena merupakan salah satu pendekatan yang memperhatikan daya dukung lingkungan sebagai tolok ukur keseimbangan dan keberlanjutan. Dalam penelitian ini teknik analisis yang digunakan ialah analisis biokapasitas, analisis telapak ekologis, dan analisis daya dukung ekologis. Hasil analisis biokapasitas secara keseluruhan tanaman pangan di Provinsi Kalimantan Timur yaitu 267.013,96 gha dengan Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara menjadi yang paling besar biokapasitasnya dengan persentase 44,03% dari total biokapasitas provinsi. Hasil analisis telapak ekologis terhadap konsumsi tanaman pangan di Provinsi Kalimantan Timur yaitu 204.719,06 gha dengan Kota Samarinda menjadi yang paling besar telapak ekologisnya dengan persentase 21,78% dari total telapak ekologis provinsi. Hasil analisis daya dukung ekologis menunjukkan kondisi keseimbangan antara ketersediaan pasokan tanaman pangan di alam dengan konsumsi penduduk terhadap tanaman pangan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa secara agregat Provinsi Kalimantan Timur memiliki kondisi ekologis yang surplus pasokan tanaman pangan, namun secara parsial Kota Balikpapan, Bontang, dan Samarinda berada pada kondisi ekologis defisit pasokan tanaman pangannya.

Las denominaciones geográficas en este libro y el material que contiene no entrañan, por parte de WWF, juicio alguno respecto de la condición jurídica de países, territorios o áreas, ni respecto del trazado de sus fronteras o límites 338.4791 C236 Capacidad de carga turística de las áreas de uso público del Monumento Nacional Guayabo, Costa Rica / Miguel Cifuentes Arias ... [et al.].-Turrrialba, CC.R.: WWF:CATIE, 1999. 75 p. ; 22 cm. ISBN 9968-825-03-4 1. Carga turítica 2. Capacidad de carga 3. Áreas de recrreaión 4. Monumento

Ključne besede: temačni turizem/turistični viri/občina Črenšovci UDK: 338.48-61(497.4Črenšovci) Avtorski izvleček: Temačni turizem je ena izmed vrst turizma, ki v zadnjem času pridobiva na pozornosti med turisti in akademiki. Ta vrsta turizma predstavlja številne priložnosti za nadgradnjo turistične ponudbe destinacijam. Pod drobnogled smo vzeli občino Črenšovci. Analiza strokovne literature in empirična raziskava sta pokazali na potenciale temačnega turizma v izbrani občini. Nalogo sklenemo z ugotovitvami o smiselnosti implementacije temačnega turizma v turistično ponudbo občine Črenšovci.

Pre-Western contact Hawaiʻi stands as a quintessential sustainability example of a large human population that practiced intensive agriculture, yet minimally displaced native habitats that comprised the foundation of its vitality. An explicit geospatial footprint of human-transformed areas across the pre-contact Hawaiian archipelago comprised less than 15% of total land area, yet provided 100% of human needs, supporting a thriving Polynesian society. A post-contact history of disruption of traditional Hawaiian land-use and its supplanting by Western land tenure and agriculture based on ranching, sugarcane, and pineapple, culminated in a landscape, in which over 50% of native habitats have been lost, while self-sufficiency has plummeted to 15% or less. Recapturing the ʻāina momona (productive lands) of ancient times can be accomplished through study of pre-contact agriculture, assessment of biological and ecological changes imposed on Hawaiian social-ecological systems, and conscious...

Аннотация. Формирование растительных сообществ и почв на золоотвалах снижает их негативное воздействие на окружающую среду, однако сведения о свойствах эмбриоземов, формирующихся на зольном субстрате в процессе самозарастания, немногочисленны. Проведены комплексные исследования на заросшем травянистой растительностью участке золоотвала Среднеуральской электростанции, сложенного золой уноса бурого угля, а также на фоновых участках с вторичными послелесными лугами с целью выявления особенностей почв, сформированных на 50-летнем золоотвале под луговыми сообществами в южнотаежных условиях Среднего Урала. Выявлено, что в процессе первичной сукцессии на золоотвале сформировались разнотравно-злаковые луговые сообщества. В целом зольный субстрат оказался неоднороден по физико-химическим свойствам, однако сформировавшиеся в его верхней 20-сантиметровой толще молодые почвы-эмбриоземыблизки по морфологическому строению и особенностям дифференциации профиля, содержанию органического углерода, общего азота, подвижных форм фосфора и калия, обменных катионов кальция и магния, с максимальной аккумуляцией изученных элементов в гумусовом горизонте, а также по реакции среды. По сравнению с фоновыми почвами содержание большинства биогенных элементов в молодых почвах золоотвала существенно ниже. Полученные данные будут способствовать установлению закономерностей формирования почв на техногенных субстратах и, в конечном итоге, позволят влиять на преобразование техногенных экосистем. Ключевые слова: зола, субстрат, золоотвал, луговые сообщества, эмбриозем, южная тайга, Средний Урал Благодарности: количество углерода и запас фитомассы определены в рамках государственного задания Министерства науки и высшего образования (тема № FEUZ-2021-0014).

The research concludes by establishing a relationship that functioning of a TOD Node efficiently and sustainably (within its available resources- natural and built) is dependent on the carrying capacity of the TOD catchment. The results of the study showed that the independent variables, i.e., carrying capacity of the TOD catchment area comprising 6 variables namely, Population Density, Built Environment, Physical and Social Infrastructure, Public Space, Air Quality and Land Availability are significant in determining the efficiency of the TOD Node. Infrastructure (physical and social) was the most important factor. This implies that appropriate infrastructure is forerunner for efficient and sustainable TOD planning at community level. The article provides policy recommendations for the development of TOD as a resilient neighborhood within the TOD carrying capacity to minimize the adverse impact of development and related outcomes.

The rapid growth of coastal tourism that has been seen in the last 10 years is frequently described as one of the major reasons for the development of these areas and also is responsible for many current coastal problems. The beaches perform, in this context, a fundamental role, where the issues related to planning and management are increasingly more important when it comes to an implementation of a sustainable development philosophy. In Kerala, where coastal tourism plays a major part of the state's economy, the management of beaches is crucial for maintaining their quality and therefore continuing to attract tourists. Since the 1990s, with the application of Coastal Zone Management Plans to the whole Kerala coast, beach plans are now required. The concept of capacity has received considerable attention as a result of increasing anthropogenic pressure in certain natural environments. Much consideration has recently been given to an increase in coastal population, with the implication that the carrying capacity of the world's coast is finite, and such consideration forms part of several coastal management initiatives. Tourism is the world's largest industry, which accounts for more than 10% of total employment, 11% of global GDP, and total tourist trips are predicted to increase to 1.6 billion by 2020. The ecosystems, typically stressed by development activity along the Indian coastal areas, are particularly vulnerable to socioeconomic driving forces. The planning and management of coastal tourism can be improved through more careful understanding of social and ecological systems and their linkages, with a view to ensure a development that lasts, not only for tourism but also for the host destination. The present study gives a comprehensive idea on both sustainability of coastal areas and a prerequisite for the carrying capacity based development in tourism destinations.

The rapid growth of coastal tourism that has been seen in the last 10 years is frequently described as one of the major reasons for the development of these areas and also is responsible for many current coastal problems. The beaches perform, in this context, a fundamental role, where the issues related to planning and management are increasingly more important when it comes to an implementation of a sustainable development philosophy. In Kerala, where coastal tourism plays a major part of the state's economy, the management of beaches is crucial for maintaining their quality and therefore continuing to attract tourists. Since the 1990s, with the application of Coastal Zone Management Plans to the whole Kerala coast, beach plans are now required. The concept of capacity has received considerable attention as a result of increasing anthropogenic pressure in certain natural environments. Much consideration has recently been given to an increase in coastal population, with the implication that the carrying capacity of the world's coast is finite, and such consideration forms part of several coastal management initiatives. Tourism is the world's largest industry, which accounts for more than 10% of total employment, 11% of global GDP, and total tourist trips are predicted to increase to 1.6 billion by 2020. The ecosystems, typically stressed by development activity along the Indian coastal areas, are particularly vulnerable to socioeconomic driving forces. The planning and management of coastal tourism can be improved through more careful understanding of social and ecological systems and their linkages, with a view to ensure a development that lasts, not only for tourism but also for the host destination. The present study gives a comprehensive idea on both sustainability of coastal areas and a prerequisite for the carrying capacity based development in tourism destinations.

Background Contents RESEARCH BACKGROUND ❑ Protected Areas are essential for Biodiversity Conservation. They are the cornerstones of virtually all national and international conservation strategies. Today they are often the only hope we have of stopping many threatened or endangered species from becoming extinct. ❑ Egypt's Protected Areas are most important and effective tool to conserve its biodiversity, preventing the potential loss of species and habitats, as well as fulfilling its international commitments. By 2021, Egypt established 30 PAs, covering 15 % of total surface area. ❑ Performance of PAs in maintaining populations of their key species is poorly documented. So the liability issue concerns the search for protected areas of Wadi Sannur and Wadi Assiuti characterized by unique biodiversity, geological formations, differentiated environments, which are exposed to many of risks and degradation and distortion of the urban environments. ❑ The presence of biological diversity in these areas such as Dorcas Gazelle, which is being capable of adapting to harsh desert conditions, is considered to be one of the indicators of the state of biodiversity in Egyptian desert ecosystems. ❑ In addition to that the area has rich and different geological formations which create the perfect environment for sustainability and conservation.

Ecotourism is an approach that should be environmentally, socially and economically sustainable. For this reason, monitoring and evaluating the ecotourism destination is very important. A good practice is using an indicator system for planning and applying ecotourism models that emphasis on the sustainability approach. Ranking and prioritising of sustainabilitycriteria and indicators facilitates evaluating the situation of the destination by managers. The purpose of this study was to prioritizing and ranking the sustainability criteria and indicators for monitoring and assessment of ecotourism management in Penang National Park, Malaysia. A Fuzzy Analytic hierarchical process (FAHP) was used for prioritizing 9 criteria and 21 indicators from four dimensions of 'ecological', 'social', 'economic' and 'institutional' which obtained from a modified Delphi survey. Five experts from academic and non-academics had provided their judgment for the prioritizing process.Ecological dimension had the highest priority and institutional dimension had the least priority. Conservation of biodiversity, community economic improvement and visitor safety had the highest priorityin the ecological, economic and social dimensions respectively. Prioritised criteria and indicator in this study can help managers and stakeholders in monitoring decision making of different sustainability issues in the national park.

The Algerian coastline is a territory that has always been suitable for human settlement. During the last 45 years, the intense urbanization developed a multiple vulnerability to extreme natural phenomena. The survey area, called in this work "Tipaza Bay" is one of the most evolving spaces in the metropolitan area of Algiers. This development gave him the title of a high vulnerability zone in terms of natural disasters in Algeria. This study is a retrospective research of statement. Its objective is to build a map of the major risks in the model area. Judging criteria are based on facts recorded and timed along with a geolocation study by using remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) tools.

Information on the large-scale movement and or1.-gm of groundLJater in southern O'ahu was obtained by examining the natural isotopic and chemical composition of water samples. Six basal groundLJater systems (Pearl Harbor, Moanalua, KaZihi, Beretania, MO'iZi'iZi, and Wai'alaeJ were studied and are discussed in this report. The experimental data base comprises the analyses of 84 groundLJater samples, 2 surface water samples, and 49 rain-water samples for the following parameters, radiocarbon (14 CJ, carbon 13 (13 CJ, tritium (3 H), major ions, nitrate, silica, and pH. These data were supplemented with isotope and chemical data obtained in previous studies and selected data from the literature. Carbon isotope data, radiocarbon and carbon 13, on basa l groundLJater samples were evaluated with respect to "recharge reference" values. The latter were established on the basis of isotope analyses of water samples obtained from inland sources, such as tunnels tapping high-level dike compartments or wells located close to the mountains. Tritium data on basal groundLJater samples were evaluated with respect to values for local rainfall and the recharge reference. Radiocarbon dating was used as an index of age to identify those groundLJaters whose underground transit or residence times are in excess of about 200 years. Radiocarbon and tritium were used to identify young water, less than 20 yr old, through the detection of artificially high radiocarbon and tritium activities resulting from atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons during the past two decades. Underground residence times of basal waters in the Kalihi, Beretania, and MO'ili'ili systems are quite long compared to the residence times of the other systems. Rain-water infiltration in regions of high elevations located far inland is a definite source for most of the recharge to these systems. Basal water in the Wai 'alae system has a short residence time compared to the other Honolulu systems. Moanalua basal waters were not uniform in their isotopic and chemical characteristics and indicated very long as well as very short residence times. Basal water in the western, inland portion of the Pearl Harbor system is similar in underground residence time to that in the Kalihi~Beretaniaã nd MO'ili'ili systems but water in the eastern and seaward portions is characterized by short residence times and~in many cases~the presence of young water. Many regions in this basal water system and~in particular~the eastern part~show the presence of transition-zone water~return irrigation water~and caprock-type water~either singularly or in some combination. Simple mixing models utilizing several suitable chemical parameters made it possible to determine the possible origins of water present in the discharge of a selected source or the presence of a particular type of water in the discharge of several sources located within a few ,niles of each other.

SummaryRussian forest resources are important for global carbon cycling. In contrast to traditional analyses that focus on the harvest and direct use of Russian timber resources (a.k.a. production‐based accounting), this study investigates how the consumption of nations drives Russian timber harvest (a.k.a. consumption‐based accounting or the Russian timber footprint). China is the biggest direct importer and final consumer of Russian timber. The United States, Japan, and major European countries directly import relatively small amounts of Russian timber, but serve to drive large amounts of Russian timber harvest through their final consumption. Through structural path analysis, individual supply chain paths are delineated to show linkages between Russian timber harvest and the final consumption of nations. Findings of this study inform consumption‐side measures for Russian forest conservation, for example, taking shared responsibility and improving the production efficiency of key ...

The growth and expansion of tourism is a complex phenomenon and its study requires multiple disciplines. When related to sustainability, the growth limits and carrying capacity of destinations must also be considered. The objective of this article is to develop a methodology to assess the growth limits of tourist destinations, and this method is then applied to the management and planning of an open tourist resort. The limits to growth are established using a mathematical formulation (i.e., multicriteria analyses, based on the reference point methodology) based on synthetic indicators applied to two scenarios: weak and strong sustainability. There are two developments in this type of research. The first is that the application of this method is neither restricted to a natural protected area, which has its own rules and management, nor to an island possessing geographically controlled entry and exit points. Rather, this study focuses on an open coastal area with an economy based on mass tourism. Second, this new way of assessing growth limits uses a flexible formula e adaptable to other coastal areas, e.g., rural, natural, and urban e depending on the impacts generated by the tourism and the objectives specified by destination managers.

The growth and expansion of tourism is a complex phenomenon and its study requires multiple disciplines. When related to sustainability, the growth limits and carrying capacity of destinations must also be considered. The objective of this article is to develop a methodology to assess the growth limits of tourist destinations, and this method is then applied to the management and planning of an open tourist resort. The limits to growth are established using a mathematical formulation (i.e., multicriteria analyses, based on the reference point methodology) based on synthetic indicators applied to two scenarios: weak and strong sustainability. There are two developments in this type of research. The first is that the application of this method is neither restricted to a natural protected area, which has its own rules and management, nor to an island possessing geographically controlled entry and exit points. Rather, this study focuses on an open coastal area with an economy based on mass tourism. Second, this new way of assessing growth limits uses a flexible formula e adaptable to other coastal areas, e.g., rural, natural, and urban e depending on the impacts generated by the tourism and the objectives specified by destination managers.

Ecosystem restoration is an important means to address global sustainability challenges. However, scientific and policy discourse often overlooks the social processes that influence the equity and effectiveness of restoration interventions. In the present article, we outline how social processes that are critical to restoration equity and effectiveness can be better incorporated in restoration science and policy. Drawing from existing case studies, we show how projects that align with local people's preferences and are implemented through inclusive governance are more likely to lead to improved social, ecological, and environmental outcomes. To underscore the importance of social considerations in restoration, we overlay existing global restoration priority maps, population, and the Human Development Index (HDI) to show that approximately 1.4 billion people, disproportionately belonging to groups with low HDI, live in areas identified by previous studies as being of high restora...

Resumen. Evaluar la capacidad de carga en los atractivos turísticos es fundamental para medir y monitorear el impacto del flujo de usuarios en los atractivos de uso público y privado, especialmente en áreas protegidas. El turismo convencional, sin una planificación adecuada en la región amazónica, puede promover la degradación ambiental en los senderos de los atractivos. En este contexto, el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la capacidad de carga turística (CCT) de los senderos en los atractivos turísticos de Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas, considerando el estado de degradación forestal en esos locales. Para determinar la CCT, se utilizó el método de Cifuentes et al. (1999), dividido en tres niveles: físico (CCF), real (CCR) y efectivo (CCE). Según los resultados obtenidos, destacamos los atractivos que presentaron una óptima CCE como: "Neblina" (77 personas día-1), "Complejo de Iracema Falls" (90 personas día-1) y "Cachoeira da Onça" (39 personas día-1). Además, hubo una moderada degradación forestal en los senderos de las atracciones "Perema" (40.3%), "Santuario" (26.9%), "Galo da Serra" (26.9%) y "Pedra Furada" (26.1%). Estos resultados pueden ayudar en la planificación turística de Presidente Figueiredo, garantizando de forma sostenible el control y monitoreo permanente de visitas en estos atractivos de la región.

Tourism Load Capacity as a Planning Tool in an Initiative of Rural Community Tourism. The Case of La Posada Rural La Amistad, Isla De Chira, Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. – In Costa Rica, tourism is one of the first economic activities. At national level many tourism initiatives have emerged and specifically rural community tourism. As a way to strengthen the tourism offer, these initiatives must adopt several planning measures to control the effects derived from visitation, such as studies of tourism load capacity (CCT). La Posada Rural la Amistad, located on Isla de Chira in the Gulf of Nicoya, is one of those initiatives, managed by the community organization “Las Damas de Chira”. It offers accommodation, food and a protected area with a variety of attractions with tourism potential. To take advantage of this potential and in accordance with the Tourism Sustainability Standard of the Costa Rican Institute of Tourism (ICT), the organization, with the support of academics from the To...

Resumen: El territorio y los recursos juegan un papel esencial en toda actividad turística. En los últimos años, la actividad atravesó transformaciones desde el punto de vista de la gestión y ha utilizado herramientas tendientes a mitigar o evitar los impactos turísticos negativos sobre el territorio. Por ello, se desarrolla el concepto de la Capacidad de Carga Turística (CCT). Dicho concepto emerge como sustentador de toda planificación en un Area Protegida o Monumento Natural. área de estudio se ubica dentro de los límites del Parque Provincial Ernesto Tornquist (PPET). Para el acceso a los diferentes atractivos existen 7 senderos y uno de ellos lleva al Cerro Ventana. El ingreso de turistas a este sendero se encuentra escasamente regulado. Por ello es necesario generar herramientas que permitan mejorar la gestión de actividades turístico-recreativas dentro del área protegida. Una herramienta cuantitativa para este fin es la Capacidad de Carga Turística (CCT). Por ello, el objetivo del trabajo es calcular la CCT para el sendero de ascenso al Monumento Natural Cerro de la Ventana. La metodología utilizada es la propuesta por Cifuentes Arias (1992) introduciendo nuevos factores de corrección acordes al espacio geográfico estudiado. Los resultados fueron que la cantidad de visitantes óptimos para ascender al cerro son 98 visitantes/día en el verano, 106 visitantes/día en el otoño; 167 visitantes/día en invierno y 100 visitantes/día en la primavera.

A process is presented to facilitate the sustainable management and development of tourist destinations. Based on a specific reforming of the Limits of Acceptable Change planning system and combined with the Tourism Carrying Capacity concept into a common framework, specific steps are described to integrate environmental, social and economic information of a tourist destination into indicators, which are afterwards compared with reference conditions. The Leopold matrix is applied to identify and classify restrictions of development and provide the basis for negotiations between managers, stakeholders and local communities. Through a feedback process of continuous monitoring and adjustment, the aim is to focus developmental activities on restricting factors until all indicators upgrade to reference. A case study at a Greek coastal municipality (Ilida-western Greece) is applied to demonstrate the process. Activity zones are identified and 18 indicators are selected. Results suggest high potential for tourism development of the area. However, low scores are assigned to 8/18 indicators, reflecting restrictions, requiring priority under a sustainable development plan. The proposed process offers managers and stakeholders the ability to easily visualize/identify restrictions and assign developmental priorities within a step-bystep upgrading process, toward the sustainable management and development of tourist destinations.

Izvleček V prispevku so predstavljeni vidiki trajnostnega načrtovanja rekreacije na prostem v zavarovanih območjih s poudarkom na socialni nosilni zmogljivosti. Zapisana izhodišča so namenjena oblikovanju priporočil za načrtovanje razvoja trajnostnih oblik rekreacije na prostem ter za sprotno spremljanje in usmerjanje razvoja rekreacije na prostem v zavarovanih območjih v Sloveniji in tujini na primeru Triglavskega narodnega parka. V prispevku ugotavljamo, katere oblike rekreacije na prostem so z vidika domačinov in obiskovalcev v zavarovanem območju trajnostne.