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Tanker war
Part of the Iran–Iraq War
BERJAYA
IRGC Navy speedboats in the Tanker War, 1987
Date1981 – 4 August 1988[1]
Location
Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, Sea of Oman
Result Iraqi coalition victory[2]
Belligerents
BERJAYA Iran BERJAYA Ba'athist Iraq
BERJAYA United States
BERJAYA Saudi Arabia
BERJAYA Kuwait
Units involved
Iran Iranian Navy
Iran IRGC Navy
Iran Iranian Air Force		 BERJAYA Iraqi Navy
BERJAYA Iraqi Air Force
BERJAYA United States Navy
BERJAYA Royal Saudi Air Force

The tanker war, part of the larger Iran–Iraq War, was a series of military attacks by Iran and Iraq against merchant vessels in the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz from 1981 to 1988. Iraq was responsible for 283 attacks. Iran accounted for 168.[1]

History

The Iran–Iraq war began in September 1980.[1] In December 1980, UN Secretary General Kurt Waldheim appealed to Iran and Iraq to ensure the security of peaceful shipping in the Persian Gulf.[3] At that time, Iran assured other countries that it would keep the Strait of Hormuz open.[3]

In 1981, Iraq began attacking commercial shipping to undermine Iran's war effort. first. Iraqi forces targeted vessels transporting military supplies to the Iranian ground forces. Later, they expanded their campaign and attacked ships carrying Iranian exports. Iran retaliated by attacking vessels of Iraq's trading partners and countries that provided financial support to Iraq.[4] The first phase of the Tanker War began in May 1981, when Iraq declared that they will attack all ships traveling to or from Iranian ports in the northern Persian Gulf. To enforce this threat, Iraq relied primarily on air power, using its Super Frelon helicopters and F-1 Mirage and MiG-23 fighter aircraft armed with Exocet anti-ship cruise missiles. Between 1981 and 1983, however, Iranian forces generally refrained from retaliation.[4][5]

In 1984, Iraq broadened the tanker war by attacking the oil terminal and oil tankers at Kharg Island.[5][6] Iraq's aim in attacking Iranian shipping was to provoke the Iranians to retaliate with extreme measures, such as closing the Strait of Hormuz to all maritime traffic, thereby bringing about foreign intervention against Iran.[6]

In response, Iran began attacking tankers traveling to and from Kuwait and other Gulf Arab states that supported Iraq’s war effort.[7] As Iranian attacks intensified, Kuwait sought external protection for its shipping and began negotiating with the Soviet Union to provide naval escorts for its tankers.[7]

The United States had threatened several times to intervene if the Strait of Hormuz were closed.[6] Kuwait and Saudi Arabia supported Iraq against Iran. The United States intervened in the conflict in 1986 to protect Kuwaiti tankers, and engaged in a confrontation with Iran.[8]

Both sides had declared an "exclusion zone", meaning areas in which they had warned ships from entering. Iraq declared the area around Iran's Kharg Island to be an exclusion zone.[9] Kharg Island hosted Iran's principal oil shipment port.[10] Iraq gave precise definition, in coordinates, of this exclusion zone and gave advance notification to all countries.[11] However, Iraq did not designate any safe passage routes in this zone.[11]

BERJAYA
USS Hawes, USS William H. Standley and USS Guadalcanal escort tanker Gas King in the Persian Gullf on 21 October 1987

Iran declared all waters within 40 miles of its coast to be its exclusion zone. It instructed ships headed for non-Iranian ports to sail west of this line.[10] While Iran also did not designate any safe passages in its exclusion zone, this was unnecessary. Iran's exclusion zone allowed for ships to enter and exit the Gulf, and essentially only kept such foreign ships out of its own waters.[12] Iran's exclusion zone made it easier for Iraq to target Iranian ships. It allowed Iraq to assume that any ship in Iran's territorial waters must be going to (or coming from) an Iranian port.[13]

BERJAYA
The Iranian frigate IRIS Sahand burning from bow to stern on 18 April 1988 after being attacked by the US Navy during Operation Praying Mantis

War studies scholar Stephen Phillips writes that "In January 1987, the Kuwaiti government proposed a clever scheme to deter Iranian attacks against their shipping. They asked the United States if they could reflag Kuwaiti tankers as American and receive the protection of the U.S. Navy. The administration of President Ronald Reagan debated this idea but finally agreed to it on March 7, 1987."[14] These are known to O'Rourke as "reflagged Kuwaiti ships". On 17 May 1987, 37 US sailors were killed in an Iraqi aircraft attack on the USS Stark. Iraqi president Saddam Hussein apologized, saying that the pilot had mistaken the US vessel for an Iranian tanker.[15]

United Nations Security Council Resolution 598, was adopted unanimously on 20 July 1987, which engendered Operation Earnest Will (24 July 1987 – 26 September 1988), a successful US effort to protect Kuwaiti merchant shipping, because as noted by O'Rourke: "Aside from Iranian shipping, the most frequent victims have been ships steaming under the world's predominant flags of convenience."[1] Western-led convoy tactics with armed guard vessels were used for protection in the latter stages of the Tanker War.[1] In 1987, the use of towed, radar-deflecting decoys and other passive countermeasures was successfully initiated.[1]

In total, well over 100 sailors were killed and a similar number wounded.[1] More than 30 million tons of cargo was damaged from 1981 to 1987.[1] In 1987, during the conflict, Iran perfected the art of speedboat attacks, and concentrated "their fire on the crew compartments of their target ships."[1] Iran also used Chinese-made shore-based Silkworm missiles to good effect.[1]

Flag Attacks sustained[1][16]
Liberia 61
Iran 46
Panama 41
Cyprus 39
Greece 26
Malta 9
Kuwait 8
Saudi Arabia 8
Turkey 7
Norway 7
Singapore 6
UK 6
Japan 6
South Korea 5
West Germany 5

List of attacks

1984

Date Vessel attacked Agent Result Ref
Name Flag GRT/Date
1984-03-01 Charming BERJAYA United Kingdom Unknown Iraqi missile aground [17][18]
1984-03-01(?) Sema-G BERJAYA Turkey Unknown Iraqi missile set afire [17][19]
1984-03-04 APJ Ambika BERJAYA India 16000 Iraqi missile sunk [17][20]
1984-03-29 Iran Dahr BERJAYA Iran 12257/71 Iraqi missile damaged [21]
1984-05-27 Savoy Dean BERJAYA Liberia 19291/68 Iraqi missile minor damage [21]
1984-06-03 Büyük Hun BERJAYA Turkey 80683/77 Iraqi missiles severe damage [21]
1984-06-03 Giant Kirn BERJAYA Panama 32107/71 Unidentified missile set afire [22]
1984-06-06 Dashaki BERJAYA Liberia 19291/68 Iraqi missile severe damage [21]
1984-06-10 Kazimah BERJAYA Kuwait 160010/82 Unidentified a/c severe damage [21]
1984-06-24 Alexander the Great BERJAYA Greece 152372/73 Iraqi Exocet missile severe damage [21]
1984-06-27 Tiburón BERJAYA Liberia 125389/73 Iraqi missile severe damage [21]
1984-07-01 Al Kabeer BERJAYA Panama 16575/65 Iraqi a/c aground [21]
1984-07-01 Sitia Venture BERJAYA Panama 15991/66 Iraqi a/c aground [21]
1984-07-01 Alexandra Dyo BERJAYA Cyprus 13316/69 Iraqi a/c attacked [21]
1984-07-02 Won Jin BERJAYA South Korea 6164/74 Iraqi missiles severe damage [21]
1984-07-05 Primrose BERJAYA Liberia 122203/76 Unidentified missiles slight damage [21]
1984-07-10 British Renown BERJAYA United Kingdom 122203/76 Iranian a/c slight damage [21]
1984-08-18 Endeavour BERJAYA Panama 47310/76 Unidentified missile set afire [22]
1984-08-24 Amethyst BERJAYA Cyprus 31280/63 Unidentified missile set afire [22]
1984-08-27 Cleo 1 BERJAYA Panama 20880/59 Unidentified missile set afire [22]
1984-09-11 St. Tobias BERJAYA Liberia 115025/71 Unidentified missile minor damage [22]
1984-09-12 Good Wind BERJAYA Panama 11525/70 Iraqi missile set afire [22]
1984-09-16 Med Heron BERJAYA Liberia 60655/77 Unidentified missile Unknown [22]
1984-09-16 Royal Colombo BERJAYA South Korea 74474/75 Unidentified missile Unknown [22]
1984-10-08 World Knight BERJAYA Liberia 114573/75 Iraqi missile severe damage[a] [22][23]
1984-10-11 Jag Pari BERJAYA India 20991/82 Iranian (?) bomb minor damage [22][23]
1984-10-12 Gaz Fountain BERJAYA Panama 23796/69 Unidentified missile set afire [22][24]
1984-10-15 Sivand BERJAYA Iran 108721/71 Iraqi a/c set afire [22][25]

1985

Date Vessel attacked Agent Result Ref
Name Flag GRT/Date
1985-11-05 Canaria BERJAYA Greece 151225 Iraqi Exocet missile severe damage[a][b] [26][27]

1986

1987

Date Vessel attacked Agent Result Ref
Name Flag GRT/Date
1987-07-24 SS Bridgeton BERJAYA United States Iranian mine damaged
1987-08-10 Texaco Caribbean BERJAYA Panama Iranian mine damaged [28][29][30][31]
1987-08-15 Anita Iranian mine sunk [32][33][34]
1987-08-30 Sanandaj BERJAYA Iran 129770/73 Iraqi a/c damaged [35]
1987-09-01 Astro Pegasus BERJAYA South Korea 42510/75 Iranian w/s g/f damaged [35]
1987-09-01 Bigorange XIV BERJAYA Panama 197/56 Iraqi a/c sunk [35]
1987-09-01 Munguia BERJAYA Spain 140277/77 Iranian PG set afire [35]
1987-09-01 Star Ray BERJAYA Cyprus 99011/70 Iraqi missile damaged [35]
1987-09-02 Nisshin Maru BERJAYA Japan 103099/80 Iranian PG damaged [35]
1987-09-02 Dafni BERJAYA Greece 48473/57 Iranian boats set afire [35]
1987-09-02 Diamond Marine BERJAYA Liberia 101416/74 Iranian boats holed [35]
1987-09-02 Jolly Rubino BERJAYA Italy 19418/78 Iranian boats minor damage [35]
1987-09-02 Leonidas Glory BERJAYA Cyprus 3717/73 Iranian boats minor damage [35]
1987-09-09 Haven BERJAYA Cyprus 109700/73 Iranian PG damaged [35]
1987-09-20 Khark 2 BERJAYA Iran 137895/70 Iraqi a/c damaged [35]
1987-09-20 Petroship B BERJAYA Saudi Arabia 25614/75 Iranian PG minor damage [35]
1987-09-20 Shirvan BERJAYA Iran 41439/79 Iraqi a/c damaged [35]
1987-09-21 Gentle Breeze BERJAYA British Hong Kong 57462/70 Iranian PG severe damage [35]
1987-09-21 Marissa I BERJAYA Panama 181/69 Iranian mine sunk [35]
1987-09-27 Coral Cape BERJAYA Cyprus 112825/74 Iraqi missile (2) damaged [35]
1987-09-27 Iran Sepah BERJAYA Iran 19702/76 Iraqi a/c damaged [35]
1987-09-27 Merlin BERJAYA Cyprus 110037/71 Iraqi missile (2) damaged [35]
1987-09-27 Shirvan BERJAYA Iran 41439/79 Iraqi missile damaged [35]
1987-09-29 Khark BERJAYA Iran 127453/73 Iraqi a/c damaged [35]
1987-09-29 Koriana BERJAYA Greece 38629/85 Iranian w/s slight damage [35]
1987-09-30 Western City BERJAYA Liberia 105803/75 Iranian PGs minor damage [35]
1987-10-01 Nichiharu Maru BERJAYA Japan 120694/73 Iranian PGs minor damage [35]
1987-10-01 Johar BERJAYA Pakistan 49635/76 Iranian PGs minor damage [35]
1987-10-01 Shenton Bluff BERJAYA Australia 150/79 Iraqi missile severe damage [35]
1987-10-02 Felicity BERJAYA Cyprus 53226/68 Iraqi missile set afire [35]
1987-10-02 Spic Emerald BERJAYA India 11712/83 Iranian PG set afire [35]
1987-10-05 Brazil Star BERJAYA Panama 77294/72 Iraqi a/c minor damage [35]
1987-10-05 Seawise Giant BERJAYA Liberia 238558/76 Iraqi a/c minor damage [35]
1987-10-05 Shining Star BERJAYA Cyprus 128929/71 Iraqi missile severe damage [35]
1987-10-05 World Admiral BERJAYA Liberia 106673/74 Iraqi missile minor damage [35]
1987-10-08 Tomoe 8 BERJAYA Panama 5267/86 Iranian PG set afire [35]
1987-10-10 Rova BERJAYA Liberia 105286/75 Iraqi missiles severe damage [35]
1987-10-12 Marianthi M. BERJAYA Panama 13006/65 Iraqi missile damaged [35]
1987-10-13 Atlantic Peace BERJAYA Liberia 43943/83 Iranian PG g/f minor damage [35]
1987-10-14 Pegasus I BERJAYA Liberia 104918/73 Iraqi a/c damaged [35]
1987-10-15 Sungari BERJAYA Liberia 124085/75 Iranian missile set afire [35]
1987-10-16 Sea Isle City BERJAYA United States 55454/81 Iranian missile moderate damage [35]
1987-10-23 Prosperventure L. BERJAYA Panama 27333/87 Iranian PG set afire [35]
1987-11-04 Taftan BERJAYA Iran 141883/73 Iraqi a/c damaged [36]
1987-11-06 Grand Wisdom BERJAYA Panama 51121/76 Iranian w/s minor damage [36]
1987-11-11 Fortuneship L. BERJAYA Greece 118216/75 Iraqi GM (3) damaged [36]
1987-11-11 Liquid Bulk Explorer BERJAYA Panama 7060/72 Iranian PG slight damage [36]
1987-11-12 Yousef[c] BERJAYA Iran 584/84 Iraqi a/c hit [36]
1987-11-13 Salvital[d] BERJAYA Singapore 742/76 Iraqi GM severe damage [36]
1987-11-15 Lucy BERJAYA Liberia 36512/86 Iranian PG damaged [36]
1987-11-16 Esso Freeport BERJAYA Bahamas 122967/74 Iranian PGs minor damage [36]
1987-11-16 Filikon L. BERJAYA Greece 41330/76 Iranian PGs moderate damage [36]
1987-11-19 Salvenus[d] BERJAYA Singapore 699/78 Iraqi GMs severe damage [36]
1987-11-20 Tabriz BERJAYA Iran 41440/80 Iraqi a/c damaged [36]
1987-11-22 Andromeda BERJAYA Greece 38627/84 Iranian PG damaged [36]
1987-11-23 Fundulea BERJAYA Romania 6253/80 Iranian PGs damaged [36]
1987-11-23 Uni-Master BERJAYA Panama 11648/77 Iranian w/s slight damage [36]
1987-11-26 Umm al Jathathel BERJAYA Kuwait 47169/83 Iranian w/s Unknown [36]
1987-11-29 Khark 4 BERJAYA Iran 127450/73 Iraqi a/c moderate damage [36]
1987-12-02 Anax BERJAYA Cyprus 122936/72 Iraqi a/c slight damage [36]
1987-12-04 Actinia BERJAYA Cyprus 109567/75 Iraqi a/c severe damage [36]
1987-12-06 Estelle Mærsk BERJAYA Denmark 28010/87 Iranian PGs minor damage [36]
1987-12-06 Norman Atlantic BERJAYA Singapore 42093/73 Iranian PGs sunk [36]
1987-12-08 Alamoot BERJAYA Iran 163173/77 Iraqi a/c severe damage [36]
1987-12-09 Susangird BERJAYA Iran 111287/73 Iraqi a/c severe damage [36]
1987-12-11 Tharaleos BERJAYA Greece 51372/69 Iranian FF minor damage [36]
1987-12-12 Pivot BERJAYA Cyprus 109700/75 Iranian FF damaged [36]
1987-12-15 Mimi M. BERJAYA Cyprus 16246/74 Iraqi a/c severe damage [36]
1987-12-16 Taftan BERJAYA Iran 141883/73 Iraqi a/c minor damage [36]
1987-12-16 World Produce BERJAYA Greece 17277/84 Iranian PG moderate damage [36]
1987-12-17 Island Transporter BERJAYA Maldives 9714/68 Iranian PGs damaged [36]
1987-12-18 Free Enterprise BERJAYA Malta 113780/72 Iraqi a/c went aground [36]
1987-12-18 Happy Kari BERJAYA Norway 140227/74 Iranian PGs set afire [36]
1987-12-18 Saudi Splendour BERJAYA Liberia 125394/75 Iranian PG moderate damage [36]
1987-12-19 Karama Mærsk BERJAYA Denmark 167728/77 Iranian PGs slight damage [36]
1987-12-22 British Respect BERJAYA Gibraltar 136601/74 Iraqi a/c set afire [36]
1987-12-22 Burmah Enterprise BERJAYA Bermuda 231629/78 Iraqi a/c severe damage [36]
1987-12-22 Seawise Giant BERJAYA Liberia 238558/76 Iraqi a/c set afire [36]
1987-12-22 World Petrobras BERJAYA Liberia 193778/77 Iraqi a/c damaged [36]
1987-12-22 Stena Concordia BERJAYA Liberia 122199/73 Iranian FF damaged [36]
1987-12-23 Berge Big BERJAYA Norway 136364/75 Iranian PGs set afire [36]
1987-12-25 Hyundai No. 7 BERJAYA South Korea 11686/78 Iranian PGs set afire [36]
1987-12-25 Nejmat el Petrol BERJAYA Saudi Arabia 12964/64 Iranian PGs set afire [36]
1987-12-27 Stilikon BERJAYA Panama 96747/64 Iraqi GM set afire [36]
1987-12-31 Iran Sedaghat BERJAYA Iran 4474/71 Iraqi a/c decoy [36]

1988

1988-01-01 to 1988-03-27
Date Vessel attacked Agent Result Ref
Name Flag GRT/Date
1988-01-01 Alga BERJAYA Malta 16134/72 Iraqi GM slight damage [36]
1988-01-10 Khark 3 BERJAYA Iran 137895/71 Iraqi a/c minor damage [36]
1988-01-12 United Venture BERJAYA Cyprus 13161/69 Iranian GM severe damage [36]
1988-01-14 Petrobulk Pioneer BERJAYA Liberia 20446/80 Iranian w/s damaged aft [36]
1988-01-15 Atlantic Charisma BERJAYA Liberia 23127/87 Iranian w/s damaged [36]
1988-01-15 Igloo Espoo BERJAYA Norway 10105/85 Iranian PGs damaged [36]
1988-01-16 Rainbow BERJAYA Liberia 7589/82 Iranian PGs severe damage [36]
1988-01-22 Havpil[e] BERJAYA Singapore 10977/69 Iranian PG minor damage [36]
1988-01-22 Topaz BERJAYA Panama 85690/76 Iranian PGs minor damage [36]
1988-01-22 Torm Rottina BERJAYA Denmark 20036/76 Iranian PGs attacked [37]
1988-01-27 Coral Cape BERJAYA Cyprus 112825/74 Iraqi imissile damaged [37]
1988-01-29 Khark BERJAYA Iran 116404/75 Iraqi a/c minor damage [37]
1988-01-29 Khark 5 BERJAYA Iran 138394/75 Iraqi a/c minor damage [37]
1988-01-30 Mare[e] BERJAYA Panama 9111/72 Iranian PGs sunk [37]
1988-02-03 Makran BERJAYA Iran 16000/74 Iraqi missile set afire [37]
1988-02-03 Petrobulk Ruler BERJAYA Norway 20505/75 Iranian PG damaged [37]
1988-02-05 Tavistock BERJAYA Panama 87464/71 Iranian PGs damaged [37]
1988-02-07 Khark 5 BERJAYA Iran 138394/75 Iraqi a/c set afire [37]
1988-02-07 Diane BERJAYA Liberia 38241/87 Iranian FF set afire [37]
1988-02-09 Shir Kooh BERJAYA Iran 140465/73 Iraqi a/c damaged [37]
1988-02-09 Veronique BERJAYA Liberia 38795/76 Iranian FF damaged aft [37]
1988-02-11 Happy Kari BERJAYA Norway 38795/76 Iranian PGs set afire [37]
1988-02-12 Kate Mærsk[e] BERJAYA Denmark 167207/76 Iraqi a/c set afire [37]
1988-02-15 Soleiman BERJAYA Iran 1019/84 Iraqi a/c severe damage [37]
1988-03-08 Tenacity BERJAYA Malta 41195/65 Iraqi a/c minor damage [37]
1988-03-15 Trade Fortitude BERJAYA Liberia 113950/72 Iraqi a/c damaged [37]
1988-03-18 Berge Lord BERJAYA Norway 138008/73 Iranian PGs minor damage [37]
1988-03-18 Kyrnicos BERJAYA Cyprus 41922/67 Iraqi a/c moderate damage [37]
1988-03-18 Maria 2 BERJAYA Panama 22845/80 Iranian PGs set afire [37]
1988-03-18 Neptune Subaru BERJAYA Singapore 22845/80 Iranian PGs minor damage [37]
1988-03-19 Avaj BERJAYA Iran 162028/75 Iraqi a/c severe damage [37]
1988-03-19 Sanandaj BERJAYA Iran 129770/73 Iraqi a/c severe damage [37]
1988-03-20 Atlantic Peace BERJAYA Liberia 43943/83 Iranian PGs minor damage [37]
1988-03-21 Fumi BERJAYA Liberia 36674/84 Iranian PGs set afire [37]
1988-03-21 Iberian Reefer BERJAYA Spain 7949/85 Iranian PGs minor damage [37]
1988-03-22 Havglimt BERJAYA Singapore 28941/78 Iranian w/s minor damage [37]
1988-03-22 Stavros G.L. BERJAYA Greece 163810/76 Iranian PGs set afire [37]
1988-03-23 Odysseas H. BERJAYA Cyprus 18876/72 Iranian PGs severe damage[a] [37]
1988-03-27 Jainarayan Vyas BERJAYA India 15035/75 Iranian PGs moderate damage [37]
1988-03-28 to 1988-08-04
Date Vessel attacked Agent Result Ref
Name Flag GRT/Date
1988-03-28 Karama Mærsk BERJAYA Denmark 167728/77 Iranian PGs minor damage [37]
1988-03-28 Golar Kansai BERJAYA Liberia 98905/72 Iranian PGs minor damage [37]
1988-03-30 Anax BERJAYA Cyprus 122936/72 Iraqi a/c disabled [37]
1988-03-31 Haven BERJAYA Cyprus 109700/73 Iraqi FF aground [37]
1988-04-12 Sagheera BERJAYA Saudi Arabia 20817/81 Iranian PGs set afire [38]
1988-04-18 Omnium Pride BERJAYA Cyprus 13858/71 Iranian PGs set afire [38]
1988-04-18 Willi Tide BERJAYA United States 283/79 Iran attacked [38]
1988-04-18 York Marine BERJAYA British Hong Kong 60814/75 Iranian w/s set afire [38]
1988-04-19 Fal V BERJAYA United Arab Emirates 7214/72 Iranian PGs damaged [38]
1988-04-24 Sea Trader BERJAYA Liberia 19482/76 Iranian PGs minor damage [38]
1988-05-11 Khark BERJAYA Iran 116404/75 Iraqi a/c damaged [38]
1988-05-11 Iran Nahad BERJAYA Iran 11205/70 Iraqi a/c severe damage [38]
1988-05-12 Sea Sapphire[f] BERJAYA Panama 11205/70 Iraqi a/c severe damage [38]
1988-05-14 Argosy BERJAYA Cyprus 71080/70 Iraqi a/c severe damage [38]
1988-05-14 Barcelona BERJAYA Spain 122770/72 Iraqi a/c severe damage [38]
1988-05-14 Beaufort[g] BERJAYA Belgium 475/78 Iraqi a/c severe damage [38]
1988-05-14 Safir[g] BERJAYA Belgium 475/78 Iraqi a/c severe damage [38]
1988-05-14 Scan Partner[g] BERJAYA Panama 499/79 Iraqi a/c sunk [38]
1988-05-14 Seawise Giant BERJAYA Liberia 238558/79 Iraqi a/c severe damage [38]
1988-05-14 Burmah Endeavour BERJAYA Bahamas 231269/77 Iraqi a/c minor damage [38]
1988-05-16 Bisoton BERJAYA Iran 112445/72 Iraqi a/c minor damage [38]
1988-05-18 Ace Chemi BERJAYA Panama 112445/72 Iranian PGs set afire [38]
1988-05-19 Barge Strand BERJAYA Norway 43849/82 Iranian PGs minor damage [38]
1988-05-26 Mundogas Rio BERJAYA Liberia 12251/67 Iranian PGs damaged [38]
1988-05-26 Don Miguel BERJAYA Malta 10526/76 Iranian PGs damaged [38]
1988-06-04 Shoush BERJAYA Iran 113788/72 Iraqi a/c Unknown [38]
1988-06-09 Salverve[c] BERJAYA Singapore 742/76 Iraqi a/c damaged [38]
1988-06-11 Dhaulagiri BERJAYA West Germany 7895/82 Iranian PGs minor damage [38]
1988-06-11 Esso Demetia BERJAYA United Kingdom 125293/73 Iranian PGs minor damage [38]
1988-06-11 Iran Fallahi BERJAYA Iran 17716/72 Iraq a/c Unknown [38]
1988-06-14 Neptune Subaru BERJAYA Singapore 51894/86 Iranian PGs moderate damage [38]
1988-07-01 Khark 4 BERJAYA Iran 127450/73 Iraqi a/c damaged [38]
1988-07-01 Fortuneship L BERJAYA Greece 118216/75 Iraqi a/c damaged [38]
1988-07-03 Berge Strand BERJAYA Norway 43849/82 Iranian PGs minor damage [38]
1988-07-07 Fellowship L BERJAYA Greece 118215/74 Iraqi a/c set afire [38]
1988-07-08 Star Ray BERJAYA Cyprus 107432/70 Iraqi a/c set afire [38]
1988-07-12 Universal Monarch BERJAYA Panama 40840/81 Iranian PGs damaged [38]
1988-07-15 Sea Victory BERJAYA Liberia 43456/69 Iranian PGs minor damage [38]
1988-08-04 Berge Lord BERJAYA Norway 138008/73 Iranian PGs minor damage [38]

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 constructive loss
  2. ↑ Sold off and renamed Canari, exploded while scrapping on 1986-08-11. See:zh-tw:大仁宮廢船爆炸事件
  3. 1 2 tug
  4. 1 2 salvage tug
  5. 1 2 3 hit in error
  6. ↑ tug towing Iran Nahad
  7. 1 2 3 tugs damaged by explosion of Barcelona

References

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 O'Rourke, Ronald (May 1988). "The Tanker War". Proceedings of the USNI. 114 (5): 1023. Archived from the original on 30 November 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  2. ↑ Strømmen-Bakhtiar, Abbas. Introduction to Digital Transformation: and its impact on society. Informing Science Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-1-68110-050-0.
  3. 1 2 Boczek 1989, p. 244.
  4. 1 2 "Strait of Hormuz - Tanker War". https://www.strausscenter.org/. Retrieved 7 July 2026. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  5. 1 2 Roach, J. Ashley; Greenwood, Christopher J.; Lagoni, Rainer; Meron, Theodor (20–23 April 1988), "Missiles on Target; the Law of Targeting and the Tanker War", Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting, 82: 154–169, doi:10.1017/S0272503700072980, JSTOR 25658421, S2CID 159309793
  6. 1 2 3 Karsh, Efraim (2002). The Iran–Iraq War: 1980–1988. Osprey Publishing. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-84176-371-2.
  7. 1 2 "Tanker War (1984–88) | Iran, Iraq, Persian Gulf, U.S. Navy, & 1980s | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 7 July 2026.
  8. ↑ Dudley, William S. (2007), "Navies, Great Powers – United States, 1775 to the Present – The tanker war", in Hattendorf, John J. (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195130751.001.0001, ISBN 9780195307405, archived from the original on 28 September 2018, retrieved 22 August 2020
  9. ↑ Leckow 1988, p. 636.
  10. 1 2 Trainor, Bernard E. (14 August 1987). "Gulf Risks: Mines and Suicide Boats". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  11. 1 2 Leckow 1988, p. 637.
  12. ↑ Leckow 1988, p. 639.
  13. ↑ Dekker & Post 1992, p. 191.
  14. ↑ Phillips, Stephen (20 March 2024). "Revisiting the Tanker War". War on the Rocks. Archived from the original on 26 September 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  15. ↑ Brummer, Alex; Hirst, David (19 May 1987). "US navy ordered to hit back after Exocet kills 28". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2025.
  16. ↑ data sieve minimum of 5
  17. 1 2 3 Herman, Arthur (7 March 1984), "Two cargo ships were hit by Iraqi missiles", United Press International, archived from the original on 27 November 2024, retrieved 22 August 2020
  18. ↑ "The Charming (Iraqi Attack) (Hansard, 8 March 1984)". api.parliament.uk. Archived from the original on 14 September 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2024.
  19. ↑ M.Daly, Thomas (May 1985). "The Enduring Gulf War". US Naval Institute. Archived from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2024.
  20. ↑ "Written Answers [4 MAY, 1984] to Questions" (PDF).
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Silverstone 1984
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Silverstone 1985b
  23. 1 2 "Iranians Bomb Tanker From India in the Gulf", The New York Times, Associated Press, 13 October 1984, archived from the original on 30 January 2018, retrieved 22 August 2020
  24. ↑ "Liquefied Gas Ship Set Ablaze in Gulf", The New York Times, Reuters, 14 October 1984, archived from the original on 30 January 2018, retrieved 22 August 2020
  25. ↑ Middleton, Drew (21 October 1984), "Gulf War: Iran's Push is Limited", The New York Times, archived from the original on 30 January 2018, retrieved 22 August 2020
  26. ↑ "Auke Visser's International Super Tankers". Archived from the original on 17 August 2025. Retrieved 26 May 2025.
  27. ↑ "Casualty Return 1985" (PDF). Lloyd's register of shipping. p. 114.
  28. ↑ Zatarain 2008, p. 91-92.
  29. ↑ "Texaco Supertanker Loaded With Iranian Oil Hits Mine : Cargo Leak, None Hurt, Owner Says". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. 10 August 1987. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  30. ↑ Phillips, John (10 August 1987). "A U.S.-operated supertanker hit a mine outside the Persian..." United Press International. Archived from the original on 17 August 2025. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  31. ↑ Phillips, John (10 August 1987). "U.S.-run tanker hits mine outside Persian Gulf". United Press International. Archived from the original on 17 August 2025. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  32. ↑ Zatarain 2008, p. 92.
  33. ↑ Reed, Jack (15 August 1987). "A mine in the Gulf of Oman sank a..." United Press International. Archived from the original on 17 August 2025. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
  34. ↑ Phillips, Jason (16 August 1987). "The amphibious assault carrier USS Guadalcanal has arrived off..." United Press International. Archived from the original on 17 August 2025. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Silverstone 1988a
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Silverstone 1988b
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Silverstone 1988c
  38. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Silverstone 1989

Sources

  • Boczek, Boleslaw Adam (1989). "Law of Warfare at Sea and Neutrality:Lessons from the Gulf War". Ocean Development and International Law. 20 (3): 239–271. doi:10.1080/00908328909545892.
  • Dekker, Ige F.; Post, Harry H. G., eds. (1992). The Gulf War of 1980-1988: The Iran-Iraq War in International Legal Perspective. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff. ISBN 0-7923-1334-8.
  • Leckow, Ross (July 1988). "The Iran-Iraq Conflict in the Gulf: The Law of War Zones". International & Comparative Law Quarterly. 37 (3): 629–644. doi:10.1093/iclqaj/37.3.629.
  • Silverstone, Paul H. (1984). "Naval Intelligence". Warship International. 21 (4): 396. JSTOR 44891106.
  • Silverstone, Paul H. (1985b). "Naval Intelligence". Warship International. 22 (2): 145–146. JSTOR 44891147.
  • Silverstone, Paul H. (1988a). "Naval Intelligence". Warship International. 25 (1): 37. JSTOR 44889197.
  • Silverstone, Paul H. (1988b). "Naval Intelligence". Warship International. 25 (2): 195. JSTOR 44891248.
  • Silverstone, Paul H. (1988c). "Naval Intelligence". Warship International. 25 (4): 402. JSTOR 44892028.
  • Silverstone, Paul H. (1989). "Naval Intelligence". Warship International. 26 (1): 83. JSTOR 44892063.
  • Zatarain, Lee Allen (2008). Tanker War: America's First Conflict with Iran, 1987–88. Casemate Publishers. ISBN 9781932033847.

Further reading

  • El-Shazly, Nadia El-Sayed (1998), The Gulf Tanker War: Iran and Iraq's Maritime Swordplay, Springer, ISBN 9781349263042
  • Navias, Martin S.; Hooton, E. R. (1996), Tanker Wars: Assault on Merchant Shipping During the Iran-Iraq Crisis, 1980-88, Bloomsbury Academic, ISBN 9781860640322
  • Silverstone, Paul H. (1985a). "Naval Intelligence". Warship International. 22 (1): 51. JSTOR 44888933.
  • Silverstone, Paul H. (1985c). "Naval Intelligence". Warship International. 22 (3): 306. JSTOR 44891192.
  • Silverstone, Paul H. (1985d). "Naval Intelligence". Warship International. 22 (4): 399. JSTOR 44891899.
  • Silverstone, Paul H. (1986a). "Naval Intelligence". Warship International. 23 (1): 30. JSTOR 44894586.
  • Silverstone, Paul H. (1986b). "Naval Intelligence". Warship International. 23 (2): 140. JSTOR 44889022.
  • Silverstone, Paul H. (1986c). "Naval Intelligence". Warship International. 23 (3): 271. JSTOR 44891948.
  • Silverstone, Paul H. (1986d). "Naval Intelligence". Warship International. 23 (4): 378. JSTOR 44889078.
  • Silverstone, Paul H. (1987a). "Naval Intelligence". Warship International. 24 (1): 71. JSTOR 44889099.
  • Silverstone, Paul H. (1987b). "Naval Intelligence". Warship International. 24 (2): 164. JSTOR 44894620.
  • Silverstone, Paul H. (1987c). "Naval Intelligence". Warship International. 24 (4): 358. JSTOR 44891264.
  • Walker, George K. (2000), "The Tanker War, 1980–88: Law and Policy", International Law Studies, 74, U.S. Naval War College
  • Wang, Erik B. (1995). "The Iran-Iraq War Revisited: Some Reflections on the Role of International Law". Canadian Yearbook of International Law. 32.

See also

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