Setoka

Setoka; Julat zaman: Kapur Awal hingga kini PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Setoka selatan (Hypanus americanus)
Pengelasan saintifik
Domain:	Eukaryota
Alam:	Animalia
Filum:	Chordata
Kelas:	Chondrichthyes
Order:	Myliobatiformes
Suborder:	Myliobatoidei; Compagno, 1973
Keluarga
	Hexatrygonoidea Hexatrygonidae; ; Urolophoidea Plesiobatidae; Urolophidae; ; Dasyatoidea Urotrygonidae; Dasyatidae; Potamotrygonidae; Gymnuridae; †Dasyomyliobatidae; Myliobatidae; †Rhombodontidae; ;

Setoka atau pari sengat, ialah sekumpulan pari laut yang merupakan ikan berawan. Ia dikelaskan dalam suborder Myliobatoidei daripada order Myliobatiformes dan terdiri daripada lapan keluarga: Hexatrygonidae (pari enam insang), Gymnuridae (pari kelawar), Plesiobatidae (pari lembik), Urolophidae (setoka bulat), Myliobatidae (pari lang), Aetobatidae (pari lang pelagik), Mobulidae (pari paus dan kaluk), Rhinopteridae (pari susun), Dasyatidae (ketuka), Potamotrygonidae (setoka sungai) dan Urotrygonidae (setoka bulat Amerika).^[2]^[3] Terdapat sekitar 220 spesies setoka yang diketahui dalam 29 genus.

Rujukan

↑ Marmi, Josep; Vila #, Bernat; Oms, Oriol; Galobart, Àngel; Cappetta, Henri (18 Mei 2010). "Oldest records of stingray spines (Chondrichthyes, Myliobatiformes)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (3): 970–974. Bibcode:2010JVPal..30..970M. doi:10.1080/02724631003758011.
↑ Nelson JS (2006). Fishes of the World (ed. fourth). John Wiley. m/s. 76–82. ISBN 978-0-471-25031-9.
↑ Helfman GS, Collette BB, Facey DE (1997). The Diversity of Fishes. Blackwell Science. m/s. 180. ISBN 978-0-86542-256-8.

Almagro, Álvaro; Barría, Claudio (November 2024). "The end of silent predators: First cases of active sound production in batoids from the Mediterranean Sea and its potential implications". Marine Biology. 171 (11): 208. Bibcode:2024MarBi.171..208A. doi:10.1007/s00227-024-04536-w.
Barroil, Adèle; Deter, Julie; Holon, Florian; Bertucci, Frédéric (7 October 2024). "Sound production in wild Mediterranean blonde ray Raja brachyura". Ecology. 105 (11): e4440. Bibcode:2024Ecol..105E4440B. doi:10.1002/ecy.4440. PMID 39370952 Check |pmid= value (bantuan).
Fetterplace, Lachlan C.; Delgado Esteban, J. Javier; Pini-Fitzsimmons, Joni; Gaskell, John; Wueringer, Barbara E. (November 2022). "Evidence of sound production in wild stingrays". Ecology. 103 (11): e3812. Bibcode:2022Ecol..103E3812F. doi:10.1002/ecy.3812. PMC 9786621 Check |pmc= value (bantuan). PMID 35808819 Check |pmid= value (bantuan).
"Beware the Ugly Sting Ray." Popular Science, July 1954, pp. 117–118/pp. 224–228.