References

Penn et al. (2025) - Temperature-dependent hypoxia explains biogeography and severity of end-Permian marine mass extinction | Science

Simões et al. (2025) - Successive climate crises in the deep past drove the early evolution and radiation of reptiles | Science Advances

He et al. (2025) - The deterioration and collapse of late Permian marine ecosystems and the end-Permian mass extinction: A global view

Dineen et al. (2019) - Quantifying functional diversity in pre- and post-extinction paleocommunities: A test of ecological restructuring after the end-Permian mass extinction - ScienceDirect

Murphy et al. (2025) - Changes in metazoan functional diversity across the Cambrian Radiation and the first Phanerozoic mass extinction: the Cambrian Sinsk Event | Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Song et al. (2018) - Decoupled taxonomic and ecological recoveries from the Permo-Triassic extinction | Science Advances

Foster & Twitchett (2014) - Functional diversity of marine ecosystems after the Late Permian mass extinction event | Nature Geoscience

Miao et al. (2025) - Taxonomic and ecologic transitions in Triassic marine bivalve communities [PeerJ]

The Paleobiology Database

Wang et al. (2025) - Functional diversity and resilience of bivalves after the Permian-Triassic mass extinction

Background Image - The seafloor during the Permian period prior to the "Great Dying," the largest mass extinction in Earth's history. (© University of Michigan Museum of Natural History)