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Codeine

From Wikipedia
codeine
type of chemical entity
Subclass ofmorphinan alkaloid Edit
Part ofresponse to codeine, cellular response to codeine, codeine metabolic process, codeine catabolic process Edit
Get useMedication Edit
Stereoisomer ofIsocodeine Edit
Chemical formulaC₁₈H₂₁NO₃ Edit
Canonical SMILESCN1CCC23C4C1CC5=C2C(=C(C=C5)OC)OC3C(C=C4)O Edit
Isomeric SMILESCN1CC[C@]23[C@@H]4[C@H]1CC5=C2C(=C(C=C5)OC)O[C@H]3[C@H](C=C4)O Edit
World Health Organisation international non-proprietary namecodeine Edit
Medical condition treatedpain, cough Edit
Physically dey interact plusopioid receptor mu 1, Opioid receptor delta 1, opioid receptor kappa 1 Edit
Pregnancy categoryAustralian pregnancy category A, US pregnancy category C Edit
Subject has roleopioid receptor agonist, opioid, antitussive, narcotic, essential medicine Edit

Codeine be an opiate den prodrug of morphine dem mainly use to treat pain, coughing, den diarrhea. E be commonly used as a recreational drug. E be found naturally insyd de sap of de opium poppy, Papaver somniferum.[1][2] E be typically used to treat mild to moderate degrees of pain.[1] Greater benefit fi occur wen combined plus paracetamol (acetaminophen) as codeine/paracetamol anaa a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) such as aspirin anaa ibuprofen.[1] Evidence no dey support ein use for acute cough suppression insyd kiddies.[3][4] Insyd Europe, e no be recommended as a cough medicine give those under 12 years of age.[1] Dem generally dey take am orally.[1] E usually dey start dey work after half an hour, plus maximum effect at two hours.[1] Ein effects dey last for about four to six hours. Codeine dey exhibits abuse potential similar to oda opioid medications, wey dey include a risk of addiction den overdose.[1]

Common side effects dey include nausea, vomiting, constipation, itchiness, lightheadedness, den drowsiness.[1] Serious side effects fi include breathing difficulties den addiction.[1] Whether e fi be used safely during pregnancy be unclear.[1] Care for be used during breastfeeding, as e fi result in opiate toxicity insyd de baby.[1] Ein use as of 2016 no be recommended give kiddies.[5] Codeine dey work by e be broken down by de liver into morphine; how quickly dis dey occur dey depend on a person ein genetics.[1]

Dem discover codeine insyd 1832 by Pierre Jean Robiquet.[6] Insyd 2013, dem produce about 361,000 kg (795,000 lb) of codeine while dem use 249,000 kg (549,000 lb), wich make am de most commonly taken opiate.[7] E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[8] Codeine dey occur naturally den dey make up about 2% of opium.[6]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Codeine". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  2. ↑ Prommer E (2010). "Role of codeine in palliative care". Journal of Opioid Management. 7 (5): 401–406. doi:10.5055/jom.2011.0081. PMID 22165039.
  3. ↑ Paul IM (February 2012). "Therapeutic options for acute cough due to upper respiratory infections in children". Lung. 190 (1): 41–44. doi:10.1007/s00408-011-9319-y. PMID 21892785. S2CID 23865647.
  4. ↑ Smith SM, Schroeder K, Fahey T (November 2014). "Over-the-counter (OTC) medications for acute cough in children and adults in community settings". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (11) CD001831. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001831.pub5. PMC 7061814. PMID 25420096.
  5. ↑ Tobias JD, Green TP, Coté CJ (October 2016). "Codeine: Time to Say "No"". Pediatrics. 138 (4) e20162396. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-2396. PMID 27647717.
  6. 1 2 Newton D (2015). Prescription Drug Abuse: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-4408-3979-5. Archived from the original on 4 February 2017.
  7. ↑ Narcotic Drugs 2014 (PDF). International Narcotics Control Board. 2015. p. 21. ISBN 978-92-1-048157-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 June 2015.
  8. ↑ World Health Organization (2025). The selection and use of essential medicines, 2025: WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, 24th list. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/382243.
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