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2017
DOI: 10.1007/s00281-017-0628-y
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The meteorology of cytokine storms, and the clinical usefulness of this knowledge

Abstract: The term cytokine storm has become a popular descriptor of the dramatic harmful consequences of the rapid release of polypeptide mediators, or cytokines, that generate inflammatory responses. This occurs throughout the body in both non-infectious and infectious disease states, including the central nervous system. In infectious disease it has become a useful concept through which to appreciate that most infectious disease is not caused directly by a pathogen, but by an overexuberant innate immune response by t… Show more

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Cited by 77 publications

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“…61 Excessive or unregulated chronic activation can induce a "cytokine storm" in the brain and result in neurotoxic levels of cytokines and free radicals (e.g., nitric oxide and superoxide), which can damage neurons and initiate a self-perpetuating cycle of inflammatory neurotoxicity. 21,60,62,71 Consistent with work published by others, our CCI-induced moderate TBI provoked activation of microglia and astrocytes in surrounding ipsilateral brain areas (Figures 7 and 8), with a resulting elevation in microglial TNF-α generation (Figure 9). In line with this, significantly lower levels of ramified (resting/ surveillance) microglia expressing P2RY12 were evident in brain ipsilateral to TBI, as compared to the contralateral side (Figure 10C,D).…”
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confidence: 89%