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1 Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany.
2 Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Moscow State University, Moscow 125009, Russia.
3 Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
4 Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany.
5 Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
6 Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany; Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany. Electronic address: posth@shh.mpg.de.
7 Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany; School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: jeong@shh.mpg.de.
8 Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany. Electronic address: krause@shh.mpg.de.
1 Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany.
2 Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Moscow State University, Moscow 125009, Russia.
3 Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
4 Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany.
5 Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
6 Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany; Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany. Electronic address: posth@shh.mpg.de.
7 Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany; School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: jeong@shh.mpg.de.
8 Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany. Electronic address: krause@shh.mpg.de.
Modern humans have inhabited the Lake Baikal region since the Upper Paleolithic, though the precise history of its peoples over this long time span is still largely unknown. Here, we report genome-wide data from 19 Upper Paleolithic to Early Bronze Age individuals from this Siberian region. An Upper Paleolithic genome shows a direct link with the First Americans by sharing the admixed ancestry that gave rise to all non-Arctic Native Americans. We also demonstrate the formation of Early Neolithic and Bronze Age Baikal populations as the result of prolonged admixture throughout the eighth to sixth millennium BP. Moreover, we detect genetic interactions with western Eurasian steppe populations and reconstruct Yersinia pestis genomes from two Early Bronze Age individuals without western Eurasian ancestry. Overall, our study demonstrates the most deeply divergent connection between Upper Paleolithic Siberians and the First Americans and reveals human and pathogen mobility across Eurasia during the Bronze Age.
Keywords:
Bronze Age; Native Americans; Neolithic; Siberia; Upper Paleolithic; Yersinia pestis; ancient genomics; human history; mobility.
