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Comparative Study
. 2014 Aug 12:8:1065-72.
doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S66576. eCollection 2014.

Optimization of nebulized delivery of linezolid, daptomycin, and vancomycin aerosol

Paul Zarogoulidis  1 , Ioannis Kioumis  1 , Sofia Lampaki  1 , John Organtzis  1 , Konstantinos Porpodis  1 , Dionysios Spyratos  1 , Georgia Pitsiou  1 , Dimitris Petridis  2 , Athanasia Pataka  1 , Haidong Huang  3 , Qiang Li  3 , Lonny Yarmus  4 , Wolfgang Hohenforst-Schmidt  5 , Nikolaos Pezirkianidis  6 , Konstantinos Zarogoulidis  1
Affiliations
Comparative Study

Optimization of nebulized delivery of linezolid, daptomycin, and vancomycin aerosol

Paul Zarogoulidis et al. Drug Des Devel Ther. .

Abstract

Background: At this time, several antibiotics have been investigated as possibilities for aerosol administration, but local therapy has been found to be more efficient in several diseases.

Materials and methods: The drugs linezolid (Zyvox), vancomycin (Voncon), and daptomycin (Cubicin) were tested with three jet nebulizers with seven different residual cups and different loadings. Moreover, three ultrasound nebulizers were again tested with these drugs, with different loadings and mouthpiece attachments.

Results: When drugs are combined with particular cup designs, they significantly lower the droplet size to 1.60 and 1.80 μm, which represents the best combination of Zyvox and cup G and Cubicin and cup D, respectively. Cup design D is suggested as the most effective cup for lowering the droplet size (2.30 μm) when considering a higher loading level (8 mL).

Conclusion: Modification of current drugs from dry powder to solution is possible, and the residual cup design plays the most important role in droplet size production when the nebulization systems have the same properties.

Keywords: aerosol; daptomycin; jet nebulizers; linezolid; ultrasound nebulizers; vancomycin.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Jet nebulizers.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Large residual cups.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Small residual cups.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Ultrasound nebulizers.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Mastersizer 2000 (Malvern Instruments Ltd, Malvern, Worcestershire, UK).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Residual cups and mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) (F=6, 48).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Residual cups, mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD), and drugs.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Large residual cups and mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) (F=2, 8).
Figure 9
Figure 9
Drugs and mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) (F=2, 4).
Figure 10
Figure 10
Drugs and mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) (F=2, 48).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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    1. Zarogoulidis P, Darwiche K, Hohenforst-Schmidt W, et al. Inhaled gene therapy in lung cancer: proof-of-concept for nano-oncology and nanobiotechnology in the management of lung cancer. Future Oncol. 2013;9(8):1171–1194. - PubMed
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    1. Patel RB, Smaldone GC, Cuccia AD, Strachan P. In vitro delivery of aerosolized treprostinil via modern mechanical ventilation. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv. 2013;26(4):200–207. - PubMed

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