Louis Agassiz

Louis Agassiz
mamba na board 21 ga Faburairu, 1863 - 14 Disamba 1873
Rayuwa
Cikakken suna	Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz
Haihuwa	Môtier (en) , 28 Mayu 1807
ƙasa	Switzerland Tarayyar Amurka
Harshen uwa	Faransanci
Mutuwa	Cambridge, 14 Disamba 1873
Makwanci	Mount Auburn Cemetery (mul)
Ƴan uwa
Abokiyar zama	Cecile Braun (en)  (1832 -  1848) Elizabeth Cabot Agassiz (en)  (1850 -  1873)
Yara	view Alexander Agassiz Pauline Agassiz Shaw Ida Higginson (en)
Ahali	Cécile Suzette Agassiz (en) , Auguste Agassiz (en) da Olympe Francillon-Agassiz (mul)
Karatu
Makaranta	Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (mul) 1828) Ph.D. (mul) Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (mul) ga Afirilu, 1830) Doctor of Medicine (en) University of Zurich (en) (1824 - 1826) Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg (mul) (1826 -
Thesis director	Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius (mul)
Dalibin daktanci	Frederick Ward Putnam (mul)
Harsuna	Jamusanci Turanci
Ɗalibai	view Joel Asaph Allen (mul) Joseph LeConte (en) James Henry Blake (en)
Sana'a
Sana'a	geologist (en) , paleontologist (en) , racial theorist (en) , zoologist (en) , glaciologist (en) , likita, university teacher (en) , mai falsafa, botanist (en) , ichthyologist (en) , climatologist (en) , naturalist (en) , marubuci, botanical collector (en) , scientific collector (en) da physical geographer (en)
Mahalarcin Thayer Expedition (en)
Employers	Jami'ar Harvard University of Neuchâtel (en) Cornell Museum of Comparative Zoology (en)  (1859 -  1873)
Kyaututtuka	gani Copley Medal  (1861) Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts order Knight of the Legion of Honour  (11 ga Augusta, 1859) Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Foreign Member of the Royal Society  (20 Disamba 1838) Fellow of the Royal Society Wollaston Medal  (1836) Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society Te Apārangi
Mamba	The Royal Society (mul) Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences (en) German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (en) Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (en) Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften (mul) Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences (en) French Academy of Sciences (en) Magyar Tudományos Akadémia (mul) American Academy of Arts and Sciences (en) Royal Society of Edinburgh (mul) American Philosophical Society (mul) Royal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences (en) National Academy of Sciences (en) Neuchâtel Society of Natural Sciences (en) Academy of Sciences of Turin (en) Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium (mul) Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (mul) Accademia Pontificia dei Nuovi Lincei (mul) Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei (mul)
Imani
Addini	reformed (en)

Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz FRS (For) FRSE / / ˈæɡəsi / AG -ə AG see ;  ; 28 ga Mayu, 1807 - 14 ga Disamba, 1873) ɗan asalin ƙasar Switzerland ne masanin ilmin halittu kuma masanin ƙasa wanda aka san shi a matsayin masanin tarihin halittu na duniya.

Ya shafe rayuwarsa ta farko a Switzerland, ya sami digirin digirgir a Erlangen da kuma digirin likitanci a Munich . Bayan ya yi karatu tare da Georges Cuvier da Alexander von Humboldt a Paris, an nada Agassiz farfesa a fannin tarihin halittu a Jami'ar Neuchâtel . Ya yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka a shekarar 1847 bayan ya ziyarci Jami'ar Harvard . Ya ci gaba da zama farfesa a fannin ilmin dabbobi da ilimin ƙasa a Harvard, ya jagoranci Makarantar Kimiyya ta Lawrence, sannan ya kafa Gidan Tarihi na Kwatancen Dabbobin Halitta .

Agassiz sananne ne wajen tattara bayanai da kuma yin nazari a kansu. Ya bayar da gudummawa ta hukumomi da kimiyya ga ilimin dabbobi, ilimin ƙasa, da sauran fannoni masu alaƙa, ciki har da littattafan bincike masu yawa waɗanda suka kai dubban shafuka. Ya shahara musamman saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga rarrabuwar ichthyology, gami da nau'ikan halittu da suka ɓace kamar megalodon, da kuma nazarin ilimin ƙasa na tarihi, gami da kafa ilimin ƙasa na glaciology .

An soki ka'idojinsa kan yadda ake amfani da jinsin mutane, dabbobi da tsire-tsire a matsayin waɗanda ke goyon bayan wariyar launin fata ta kimiyya .

Rayuwa ta farko

An haifi Louis Agassiz a ranar 28 ga Mayu, 1807, a Môtier, ƙauye a cikin gundumar Haut-Vully (wanda yanzu wani ɓangare ne na Mont-Vully ), a yankin Fribourg na Switzerland . Shi ɗan Louis Benjamin Rodolphe Agassiz ne da Rose Mayor. Mahaifinsa malamin addinin Furotesta ne, kamar yadda kakanninsa suka kasance tsawon tsararraki shida, kuma mahaifiyarsa 'yar likita ce kuma ƙwararren masani a cikin ikonta, wanda ya taimaka wa mijinta wajen ilmantar da 'ya'yansu. An yi wa Louis Agassiz karatu a gida har sai da ya yi shekaru huɗu a makarantar sakandare a Bienne, wanda ya shiga a shekarar 1818 kuma ya kammala karatunsa na firamare a Lausanne . Agassiz ya yi karatu a jami'o'in Zürich, Heidelberg da Munich . A ƙarshe, ya faɗaɗa iliminsa game da tarihin halitta, musamman na tsirrai . A shekara ta 1829, ya sami digirin digirgir na falsafa a Erlangen, sannan a shekara ta 1830 ya sami digirin digirgir na likitanci a Munich. Ya koma Paris, ya zo ƙarƙashin kulawar Alexander von Humboldt kuma daga baya ya sami taimakon kuɗi. Humboldt da Georges Cuvier sun ƙaddamar da shi kan ayyukansa na ilimin ƙasa da ilmin dabbobi. Ba da daɗewa ba ilimin kimiyya ya zama abin da Agassiz ya mayar da hankali a kai.

Aikin farko

Hoton Fritz Zuber-Buhler, 1844

A tsakanin 1819 zuwa 1820, masana ilmin halittu na Jamus Johann Baptist von Spix da Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius sun yi balaguro zuwa Brazil . Sun koma gida Turai da abubuwa da yawa na halitta, ciki har da tarin kifayen ruwa na Brazil, musamman na Kogin Amazon . Spix, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 1826, wataƙila saboda wata cuta ta wurare masu zafi, bai rayu tsawon lokaci ba don tantance tarihin waɗannan kifayen, kuma Martius ya zaɓi Agassiz don wannan aikin.

Agassiz ya saka kansa cikin aikin da sha'awa wanda zai ci gaba da bayyana sauran ayyukan rayuwarsa. An kammala aikin bayanin kifin Brazil kuma an buga shi a shekarar 1829. Bayan haka, sai aka yi bincike kan tarihin kifin da aka samu a Tafkin Neuchâtel . Da yake faɗaɗa shirye-shiryensa, a shekarar 1830 ya fitar da wani littafi mai suna Tarihin Kifin Ruwa Mai Tsami na Tsakiyar Turai . Duk da haka, a shekarar 1839, ɓangaren farko na littafin ya bayyana, kuma an kammala shi a shekarar 1842.

A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1832, an naɗa Agassiz farfesa a fannin tarihin halitta a Jami'ar Neuchâtel, akan albashin kimanin dala 400 na Amurka kuma ya ƙi tayin da aka yi masa a Paris saboda jin daɗin karatun sirri da wannan matsayi ya ba shi. Kifin burbushin halittu da ke cikin dutsen da ke kewaye da shi, da kuma duwatsun Glarus da kuma duwatsun dutse na Monte Bolca, sun ja hankalinsa ba da daɗewa ba. A lokacin, ba a yi wani abu da ya yi daidai ba a binciken kimiyya. Agassiz tun a farkon shekarar 1829, ya shirya buga wani aiki. Fiye da kowane abu, zai kafa harsashin shahararsa a duniya. An buga littattafai biyar na littafinsa na Recherches sur les poissons fossils ( Bincike kan Kifin Burbushin Halitta ) daga 1833 zuwa 1843. An zana su da kyau, musamman ta Joseph Dinkel . A lokacin tattara kayan aiki don wannan aikin, Agassiz ya ziyarci manyan gidajen tarihi a Turai. Lokacin da ya haɗu da Cuvier a Paris, ya sami ƙarfafawa da taimako sosai daga gare shi.

A shekara ta 1833, ya auri Cecile Braun, 'yar'uwar abokinsa Alexander Braun kuma ya kafa gidansa a Neuchâtel . 'Yan'uwanta ne suka horar da shi kan zane-zanen kimiyya, matarsa ta taimaka wa Agassiz sosai, inda ta zana wasu daga cikin kyawawan faranti na burbushin halittu da kifaye masu ruwa-ruwa .

Agassiz (zaune) tare da Benjamin Peirce

Agassiz ya gano cewa binciken da ya yi a fannin halittu yana buƙatar sabon rarrabuwar ichthyological. Burbushin da ya bincika ba kasafai yake nuna alamun kyallen kifaye masu laushi ba, amma maimakon haka, ya ƙunshi galibin haƙora, ɓawon fata, da fin-fin, tare da ƙasusuwan da aka kiyaye su sosai a cikin 'yan lokuta kaɗan. Saboda haka ya ɗauki tsarin rarraba kifi zuwa ƙungiyoyi huɗu (ganoids, placoids, cycloids, da ctenoids), bisa ga yanayin sikeli da sauran abubuwan da ke cikin fata. Wannan ya yi aiki sosai don inganta tsarin kifin, amma tun daga lokacin aka maye gurbin tsarin Agassiz.

Tare da Louis de Coulon, uba da ɗa, ya kafa Societé des Sciences Naturelles, wanda shi ne sakataren farko, kuma tare da haɗin gwiwar Coulons sun kuma shirya gidan tarihi na wucin gadi na tarihin halitta a gidan maraya. Agassiz yana buƙatar tallafin kuɗi don ci gaba da aikinsa. Ƙungiyar Burtaniya da Earl na Ellesmere, a lokacin Lord Francis Egerton, sun shiga tsakani don taimakawa. An sayi zane-zane na asali guda 1290 da aka yi don aikin ta hannun Earl kuma ya gabatar da su ga Ƙungiyar Geological ta London . A shekara ta 1836, majalisar wannan ƙungiyar ta ba Agassiz lambar yabo ta Wollaston saboda aikinsa kan ilimin burbushin halittu. A shekara ta 1838, an zaɓe shi memba na ƙasashen waje na Royal Society . A halin yanzu, dabbobin da ba su da ƙashi sun ja hankalinsa. A shekara ta 1837, ya fitar da "Prodrome" na wani littafi mai taken "Echinodermata " na baya-bayan nan da kuma burbushin halittu, wanda ɓangaren farko ya bayyana a shekara ta 1838; a tsakanin 1839 zuwa 1840, ya buga kundin quart guda biyu kan burbushin halittu na Switzerland; kuma a cikin 1840 zuwa 1845, ya fitar da sharhin Études na burbushin halittu na mollusques ( Nazarin Muhimmi akan Burbushin halittu ).

Kafin ziyarar farko ta Agassiz zuwa Ingila a shekarar 1834, Hugh Miller da sauran masana kimiyyar ƙasa sun bayyana kifin burbushin halittu mai ban mamaki na Tsohon Ja Sandstone na arewa maso gabashin Scotland. An sanar da masana kimiyyar ƙasa nau'ikan Pterichthys, Coccosteus, da sauran nau'ikan halittu a karon farko. Sun kasance masu sha'awar Agassiz sosai kuma sun zama batun wani littafi da ya buga a 1844–1845: Monographie des poissons fossiles du Vieux Grès Rouge, ou Système Dévonien (Tsohon Ja Sandstone) des Îles Britanniques et de Russie ( Monograph on Fossil Kif of the Old Ja Sandstone, ko Devonian System of the British Isles and of Russia ).

A shekara ta 1838, Frederick William na Uku na Prussia ya kafa Kwalejin Neuchâtel wadda ta samo asali ne daga ƙarfin Louis Agassiz. Matashin malamin da aka ba shi kwarjini na musamman ya sami aiki daga hukumomin Masarautar Neuchâtel tun daga shekarar 1832. A farkon aikinsa a Neuchâtel, Agassiz ya kuma yi suna a matsayin mutumin da zai iya gudanar da sashen kimiyya da kyau. A ƙarƙashin kulawarsa, Jami'ar Neuchâtel ba da daɗewa ba ta zama babbar cibiyar binciken kimiyya.

Tun daga shekarar 1836, Agassiz ya fara sha'awar tsaunin ƙanƙara. A lokacin da tsaunin ƙanƙara na Switzerland ke ci gaba da ci gaba, hasashen cewa tsaunin ƙanƙara mai yawa ya bayyana a da'irorin kimiyya. A ranar 24 ga Yuli, 1837, a cikin jawabinsa a taron shekara-shekara na Kwalejin Kimiyyar Halittu ta Switzerland da ke Neuchâtel, wanda ya jagoranta, ya gabatar da wannan sabuwar ka'ida, kodayake ana sa ran za a yi lacca kan kifin burbushin halittu. Don tallafawa ka'idar Zamanin Kankara, ya yi tafiya a Alps don neman alamun motsin tsaunin ƙanƙara na baya. Binciken da aka gudanar akan Unteraaargletscher tsakanin 1840 da 1845 ya kasance abin birgewa. A wancan lokacin, abokansa sun ƙara Agassizhorn a cikin jerin tsaunukan Switzerland da aka sanya wa suna bayan mutane .

Hoton John Adams Whipple, kimanin 1865

A tsakanin 1842 zuwa 1846, Agassiz ya fitar da sunan Zoologicus nasa, wanda aka rubuta a matsayin jerin sunayen da aka yi amfani da su a cikin nau'ikan dabbobi da ƙungiyoyi. An zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka a 1843. Bayan tafiyarsa zuwa Amurka, jajircewarsa ga yaɗa ilimi a bainar jama'a da kuma kare ilimin mata zai taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tabbatar da kimiyya a Amurka.

Zamanin kankara

Nouvelles études et expériences sur les glaciers actuels, 1847

Agassiz da matarsa sun yi hutun 1836 a ƙaramin ƙauyen Bex, inda ya haɗu da Jean de Charpentier da Ignaz Venetz . Ka'idodinsu na dusar ƙanƙara da aka sanar kwanan nan sun girgiza duniyar kimiyya, kuma Agassiz ya koma Neuchâtel a matsayin mai sha'awar tuba. A shekara ta 1837, Agassiz ya gabatar da shawarar cewa Duniya ta kasance ƙarƙashin zamanin kankara . Ya gabatar da ka'idar ga ƙungiyar Helvetic cewa tsoffin kankara suna kwarara daga Alps, har ma da manyan kankara sun mamaye filayen da tsaunuka na Turai, Asiya, da Arewacin Amurka kuma sun mamaye duk yankin Arewacin duniya a cikin dogon lokacin kankara. A wannan shekarar, an zaɓe shi memba na ƙasashen waje na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Royal Swedish . Kafin wannan shawara, Goethe, de Saussure, Ignaz Venetz, Jean de Charpentier, Karl Friedrich Schimper, da sauransu sun yi nazarin dusar ƙanƙara ta Alps, kuma Goethe, Charpentier, da Schimper sun ma kammala da cewa tubalan duwatsu masu tsayi da suka watse a kan gangaren da kololuwar tsaunukan Jura an motsa su a can ta hanyar dusar ƙanƙara. Waɗannan ra'ayoyin sun jawo hankalin Agassiz, kuma ya tattauna su da Charpentier da Schimper, waɗanda ya raka su a tafiye-tafiye a jere zuwa Alps. Har ma Agassiz ya gina bukka a kan ɗaya daga cikin Glaciers na Aar kuma na ɗan lokaci ya zama gidansa don bincika tsarin da motsin kankara.

Agassiz ya ziyarci Ingila, kuma tare da William Buckland, masanin kimiyyar halitta na Ingila kaɗai wanda ya raba ra'ayoyinsa, ya yi rangadin Tsibiran Burtaniya don neman abubuwan mamaki na ƙanƙara, kuma ya gamsu cewa ka'idarsa ta zamanin ƙanƙara daidai ce. A shekara ta 1840, Agassiz ya buga wani littafi mai juzu'i biyu, Études sur les glaciers ("Nazarin Kan Glaciers"). A ciki, ya tattauna motsin glaciers, moraines ɗinsu, da tasirinsu wajen lanƙwasa da kewaye duwatsu da kuma samar da striations da roches moutonnées da aka gani a cikin shimfidar wurare irin na Alps. Ya yarda da ra'ayin Charpentier da Schimper cewa wasu daga cikin glaciers na tsaunuka sun faɗaɗa a faɗin filayen da kwaruruka na Aar da Rhône, amma ya ci gaba da cewa a baya-bayan nan, Switzerland ta rufe da wani babban kankara da ya samo asali daga manyan tsaunukan Alps kuma ta faɗaɗa a kan kwarin arewa maso yammacin Switzerland zuwa gangaren kudu na Jura. Buga aikin ya ba da sabon kwarin gwiwa ga nazarin abubuwan da suka faru a kan dusar ƙanƙara a duk sassan duniya.

Agassiz, wanda ya saba da dusar ƙanƙara ta baya-bayan nan, da kuma masanin ilimin ƙasa na Ingila William Buckland, sun ziyarci tsaunukan Scotland a shekarar 1840. A can, sun sami hujjoji bayyanannu a wurare daban-daban na ayyukan ƙanƙara. An sanar da gano wannan ga Ƙungiyar Masana Ƙasa ta London a cikin sadarwa a jere. An fahimci cewa yankunan tsaunuka na Ingila, Wales, da Ireland sune cibiyoyin watsa tarkacen ƙanƙara. Agassiz ya lura cewa "manyan zanen ƙanƙara, kamar waɗanda ke wanzuwa a yanzu a Greenland, sun taɓa rufe dukkan ƙasashen da ake samun tsakuwa mara tsari (dutse mai zurfi); cewa wannan tsakuwa gabaɗaya an samar da ita ne ta hanyar haɗa zanen kankara a saman ƙasa, da sauransu."

An yi amfani da na'urar auna ƙarfe mai girman mutum wanda Agassiz ya yi amfani da ita wajen haƙa zurfin har zuwa mita 7.5 a cikin Unteraaar Glacier don auna zafinsa ( Gidan Tarihi na Swiss Alpine, Bern)

A shekarunsa na ƙarshe, Agassiz ya yi amfani da ka'idodinsa na glacial a fannin ilimin ƙasa na yankunan zafi na Brazil, ciki har da Amazon. Agassiz ya fara da wani hasashe mai aiki wanda za a iya gwada shi ta hanyar sakamakon aikin filin don a ga ko dai ba a kammala ba, ko kuma a tabbatar da hujja ko kuma a musanta ta. Hasashe da za a iya musantawa a ƙarshe ya fi hasashe da ke da wahalar gwadawa. Agassiz yana da alaƙa ta kud da kud da ɗalibi kuma mataimakinsa a fannin filin, masanin ilimin ƙasa Charles Hartt wanda daga ƙarshe ya karyata ka'idodin Agassiz game da Amazon bisa ga aikin da yake yi a can. Maimakon shaida ga duk wani tsari na glacial, ya sami laka mai guba daga hanyoyin ruwa na ruwa da na wurare masu zafi, ba na glacial ba, binciken da masana kimiyyar ƙasa suka tabbatar daga baya. Hasashen Agassiz cewa Amazon ya shafi Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) daidai ne, kodayake hanyar da ke haifar da tasirin ba ta da glacial ba. An raba dajin Amazon zuwa manyan tubalan biyu ta hanyar babban savanna a lokacin LGM.

Amurka

Da taimakon tallafin kuɗi daga sarkin Prussia, Agassiz ya ketare Tekun Atlantika a kaka ta 1846 don bincika tarihin halitta da ilimin ƙasa na Arewacin Amurka da kuma gabatar da darasi na laccoci kan "Shirin Halitta kamar yadda aka nuna a Masarautar Dabbobi" ta hanyar gayyata daga John Amory Lowell, a Cibiyar Lowell da ke Boston, Massachusetts . Tayin kuɗi da aka gabatar masa a Amurka ya sa ya zauna a can, inda ya ci gaba da zama har ƙarshen rayuwarsa. An zaɓe shi memba na girmamawa na ƙasashen waje na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 1846.

A shekara ta 1846, Agassiz ya auri Cecilie, wacce ta ci gaba da zama tare da 'ya'yansu uku a Switzerland, ya haɗu da Elizabeth Cabot Cary a wani cin abincin dare. Su biyun sun haɗu da soyayya, kuma lokacin da matarsa ta mutu a shekara ta 1848, sun yi shirin aure. An yi bikin a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 1850, a Boston, Massachusetts a King's Chapel . Agassiz ya kawo 'ya'yansa su zauna tare da su, kuma Elizabeth ta renon kuma ta ƙulla dangantaka ta kud da kud da 'ya'yanta na kishiyar mijinta. Ba ta da 'ya'ya nata.

Agassiz yana da kyakkyawar alaƙa da masanin tsirrai na Harvard Asa Gray duk da rashin jituwar da ke tsakaninsu. Agassiz ya yi imanin cewa an halicci kowace kabila ta ɗan adam daban-daban, amma Gray, mai goyon bayan Charles Darwin, ya yi imani da asalin juyin halitta na dukkan mutane. Bugu da ƙari, Agassiz memba ne na Scientific Lazzaroni, ƙungiyar masana kimiyya waɗanda galibinsu ke son jami'o'in Amurka su yi koyi da tsarin ilimi na jami'o'in Turai masu kama da mulkin kama-karya, amma Gray babban abokin hamayya ne ga wannan rukunin.

Shigar Agassiz cikin laccoci na Cibiyar Lowell ya haifar da kafa Makarantar Kimiyya ta Lawrence a Jami'ar Harvard a shekarar 1847, inda Agassiz ya zama shugabanta. Harvard ya naɗa shi farfesa a fannin ilmin dabbobi da ilimin ƙasa, kuma ya kafa Gidan Tarihi na Kwatancen Dabbobi a can a shekarar 1859 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin darektanta na farko har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 1873. A lokacin da yake aiki a Harvard, Agassiz ya yi nazarin tasirin zamanin kankara na ƙarshe a Arewacin Amurka. A cikin "Gudunmawa ga Tarihin Halitta na Amurka," ya yi nazari sosai kan ka'idar juyin halitta ta Darwin. Ya yi imanin cewa Allah ya halicci sabuwar rayuwa bayan kowace zamanin kankara kuma alhakin masana halitta ne su fahimci wannan shirin halitta. Ta hanyar kare wannan ra'ayi, ya sami tagomashin masu karatu na Amurka. A watan Agusta na 1857, an ba Agassiz kujera a fannin ilimin halittu a Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Halitta, Paris, wanda ya ƙi. Daga baya aka yi masa ado da Gicciyen Tudun Girmamawa .

Agassiz ya ci gaba da laccocinsa a Cibiyar Lowell. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ya gabatar da laccoci kan "Ichthyology" (1847–1848), "Comparative Embryology" (1848–1849), "Ayyukan Rayuwa a Ƙananan Dabbobi" (1850–1851), "Tarihin Halitta" (1853–1854), "Hanyoyin Nazarin Tarihin Halitta" (1861–1862), "Glaciers and the Ice Period" (1864–1865), "Brazil" (1866–1867), da kuma "Deep Sea Dredging " (1869–1870). A shekara ta 1850, ya auri Elizabeth Cabot Cary, wacce daga baya ta rubuta littattafan gabatarwa game da tarihin halitta da kuma dogon tarihin rayuwar mijinta bayan ya mutu.

Agassiz ya yi aiki a matsayin malami wanda ba mazaunin jami'a ba a Jami'ar Cornell yayin da yake kuma a fannin koyarwa a Harvard. A shekara ta 1852, ya karɓi aikin farfesa a fannin ilimin halittar jiki a Charlestown, Massachusetts, amma ya yi murabus cikin shekaru biyu. Tun daga lokacin, karatun kimiyya na Agassiz ya tsaya, amma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masana kimiyya da aka fi sani a duniya. A shekara ta 1857, Agassiz ya kasance mai matuƙar ƙauna har abokinsa Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ya rubuta "Birnin Haihuwar Agassiz na Hamsin" don girmama shi kuma ya karanta shi a wani liyafar cin abinci da ƙungiyar Saturday Club ta yi wa Agassiz a Cambridge . Rubuce-rubucen Agassiz da kansa sun ci gaba da kundin littattafai guda huɗu (daga cikin 10 da aka tsara) na Tarihin Halitta na Amurka, waɗanda aka buga daga 1857 zuwa 1862. Ya kuma buga kundin takardu a fanninsa, Bibliographia Zoologiae et Geologiae, a cikin kundin littattafai huɗu tsakanin 1848 da 1854.

Saboda rashin lafiya ya same shi a shekarun 1860, Agassiz ya yanke shawarar komawa fagen don hutawa da kuma ci gaba da karatunsa game da kifin Brazil. A watan Afrilun 1865, ya jagoranci Thayer Expedition zuwa Brazil. A can, ya umarci masu daukar hoto biyu, Augusto Stahl da Georges Leuzinger, da su raka wannan balaguron tare da samar da hotunan mutanen 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma bayin Afirka da baƙaƙe. Bayan dawowarsa a watan Agustan 1866, an buga wani labari game da balaguron, A Journey in Brazil, a shekarar 1868. A watan Disamba na 1871, ya sake yin balaguron watanni takwas na biyu, wanda aka sani da balaguron Hassler a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kwamanda Philip Carrigan Johnson (ɗan'uwan Eastman Johnson ) kuma ya ziyarci Kudancin Amurka a kudancin Tekun Atlantika da Pacific. Jirgin ruwan ya bincika Magellan Strait, wanda ya jawo yabo ga Charles Darwin .

Bayan kafa ƙungiyar farko ta Amurka don hana zalunci ga dabbobi a birnin New York a shekarar 1866, an kira Agassiz da ya taimaka wajen sasanta takaddama game da halayen dabbobi. Ya yi tunanin yadda ake jigilar kunkuru yana haifar musu da wahala, yayin da PT Barnum ya yi jayayya da goyon bayan Agassiz cewa macizai za su ci dabbobi masu rai kawai.

Matarsa ta biyu, Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, ta taimaka masa wajen shirya Tafiyarsa ta A Journey a Brazil . Tare da ɗanta, Alexander Agassiz, ta rubuta Seaside Studies in Natural History and Marine Animals of Massachusetts . Elizabeth ta rubuta a Mashigin Teku cewa " Hassler ta bi hanyarta, ta wuce wani yanayi mara iyaka na tsaunuka da dazuzzuka da ke tashi zuwa cikin yankunan dusar ƙanƙara da kankara masu haske, inda ƙanƙarar ƙanƙara ke kwance inda kowace kogi da crevasse, da kuma yawan ramukan da ke gudana don haɗuwa da ruwan da ke ƙasa, za a iya ƙidaya su yayin da take tururi da su.... Waɗannan makonni ne na farin ciki ga Agassiz. Jirgin ruwan sau da yawa yana ratsa bakin teku sosai har ana iya nazarin ilimin ƙasa daga bene."

Iyali

Agassiz a tsakiyar shekaru

Tun daga aurensa na farko da Cecilie Braun, Agassiz ya haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu, Ida da Pauline, da kuma ɗa ɗaya, Alexander . A shekara ta 1863, 'yar Agassiz Ida ta auri Henry Lee Higginson, wanda daga baya ya kafa Boston Symphony Orchestra kuma ya kasance mai taimako ga Harvard da sauran makarantu. A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 1860, 'yar Agassiz, Pauline, ta auri Quincy Adams Shaw (1825–1908), wani attajiri ɗan kasuwa a Boston kuma daga baya mai taimako ga Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Boston. Daga baya Pauline Agassiz Shaw ta zama fitacciyar mai ilimi, mai rajin kare haƙƙin jama'a, kuma mai taimakon jama'a.

Agassiz a shekarar 1870

A cikin shekarun ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, Agassiz ya yi aiki don kafa makaranta ta dindindin inda za a iya ci gaba da nazarin kimiyyar dabbobi a tsakanin ɗaliban da ke karatunsa. A shekara ta 1873, mai ba da agaji mai zaman kansa John Anderson ya ba Agassiz tsibirin Penikese, a Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts (kudancin New Bedford ), kuma ya ba shi dala 50,000 don ya ba shi damar zama makarantar kimiyya ta halitta ta dindindin wadda za ta kasance ta musamman ga nazarin kimiyyar dabbobi ta ruwa. Makarantar ta ruguje jim kaɗan bayan mutuwar Agassiz amma ana ɗaukarta a matsayin farkon dakin gwaje-gwajen halittu na ruwa na Woods Hole da ke kusa.

Agassiz yana da tasiri mai zurfi a kan rassan Amurka na fannoni biyu kuma ya koyar da masana kimiyya da yawa na gaba waɗanda za su ci gaba da shahara, ciki har da Alpheus Hyatt, David Starr Jordan, Joel Asaph Allen, Joseph Le Conte, Ernest Ingersoll, William James, Charles Sanders Peirce, Orestes St. John, Nathaniel Shaler, Samuel Hubbard Scudder, Alpheus Packard, da ɗansa Alexander Emanuel Agassiz . Ya yi tasiri mai yawa ga masanin ilmin halittu Charles Doolittle Walcott da masanin kimiyyar halitta Edward S. Morse . Agassiz ya yi suna a matsayin malami mai buƙata. Ana zarginsa da "kulle ɗalibi a cikin ɗaki cike da harsashin kunkuru, ko harsashin lobster, ko harsashin kawa, ba tare da littafi ko kalma da za ta taimake shi ba, kuma ba zai bar shi ya fita ba har sai ya gano duk gaskiyar da abubuwan ke ƙunshe da ita." Biyu daga cikin fitattun ɗaliban Agassiz sun yi cikakken bayani game da abubuwan da suka faru a ƙarƙashin kulawarsa: Scudder, a cikin wani ɗan gajeren labarin mujallar Every Saturday, da Shaler, a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa . Lane Cooper ne ya tattara waɗannan da sauran abubuwan tunawa a shekarar 1917, wanda Ezra Pound ya yi amfani da shi don labarinsa na Agassiz da kifin rana .

A farkon shekarun 1840, Agassiz ya sanya wa nau'ikan kifaye guda biyu suna bayan Mary Anning ( Acrodus anningiae da Belenostomus anningiae ) da kuma wata bayan kawarta, Elizabeth Philpot . Anning kwararriyar masaniyar ilmin halittu ce da aka sani a duk duniya saboda muhimman abubuwan da aka gano, amma saboda jinsinta, sau da yawa ba a san ta da aikinta ba. Agassiz ya gode wa taimakon da matan suka yi masa wajen nazarin samfuran kifayen da aka gano a lokacin ziyararsa zuwa Lyme Regis a 1834.

Agassiz ya mutu a Cambridge, Massachusetts, a shekarar 1873 kuma aka binne shi a kan titin Bellwort a Makabartar Dutsen Auburn, daga baya matarsa ta haɗu da shi. Abin tunawarsa wani dutse ne da aka gina daga wani dutse mai duhu a Aar kusa da wurin tsohon Hôtel des Neuchâtelois, ba da nisa da wurin da bukkarsa ta taɓa kasancewa ba. Kabarinsa yana da kariya daga bishiyoyin pine daga tsohon gidansa da ke Switzerland.

Gado

An sanya wa makarantar firamare ta Cambridge da ke arewacin Jami'ar Harvard suna don girmama shi, kuma unguwar da ke kewaye ta zama sananne a matsayin " Agassiz " sakamakon haka. An canza sunan makarantar zuwa Makarantar Maria L. Baldwin a ranar 21 ga Mayu, 2002, saboda damuwa game da shigar Agassiz cikin wariyar launin fata ta kimiyya da kuma girmama Maria Louise Baldwin, shugabar makarantar 'yar Afirka-Amurka, wacce ta yi aiki daga 1889 zuwa 1922. Duk da haka, an ci gaba da kiran unguwar da Agassiz. c. 2009, mazauna unguwar sun yanke shawarar sake wa majalisar al'ummar unguwar suna zuwa "Al'ummar Agassiz-Baldwin". Sannan, a watan Yulin 2021, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen ƙoƙari na shekaru biyu daga mazauna unguwa, Majalisar Birnin Cambridge ta kaɗa ƙuri'a baki ɗaya don canza sunan zuwa Unguwar Baldwin. Wata makarantar firamare, Makarantar Firamare ta Agassiz da ke Minneapolis, Minnesota, ta wanzu daga 1922 zuwa 1981.

Ta'aziyyar ƙasa

Kabarin Agassiz, Makabartar Dutsen Auburn, Cambridge, Massachusetts, wani dutse ne daga dutsen da ke kan tsaunukan Aar, kusa da inda ya taɓa zama.

An sanya wa wani tsohon tafki mai ƙanƙara wanda ya samo asali a tsakiyar Arewacin Amurka, Tafkin Agassiz suna, kamar yadda aka sanya wa Dutsen Agassiz a Palisades na California, Dutsen Agassiz a cikin tsaunukan Uinta na Utah, Dutsen Agassiz a Arizona, Dutsen Agassiz a Massachusetts, da kuma Agassizhorn a cikin Alps na Bernese a ƙasarsa ta Switzerland. Agassiz Glacier a Montana, Agassiz Creek a Glacier National Park, Agassiz Glacier a cikin tsaunukan Saint Elias na Alaska, da Dutsen Agassiz a cikin tsaunukan White na New Hampshire suma suna ɗauke da sunansa. An kuma sanya wa wani rami a Mars, Crater Agassiz, da kuma wani wuri a kan wata suna don girmama shi. An sanya wa Cape Agassiz suna, wani wuri a kan dutse da ke Palmer Land, Antarctica, don girmama shi. An kuma sanya wa wani babban dutse mai bel, 2267 Agassiz suna tare da shi.

Ta'aziyyar halittu

An sanya wa nau'ikan dabbobi da dama suna don girmama shi, ciki har da

• Dwarf na Agassiz cichlid Apistogramma agassizii Steindachner, 1875 ;
• Kifin Agassiz, wanda aka fi sani da kifin gilashi na Agassiz; da kuma kifin zaitun Ambassis agassizii Steindachner, 1866 ;
• Kifin Kogo na Spring Forbesichthys agassizii (Putnam, 1872) ;
• kifin kifin Corydoras agassizii Steindachner, 1876 ;
• Rio Skate Rioraja agassizii (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1841) ;
• Kifin Kudancin Amurka Leporinus agassizii
• Snailfish Liparis agassizii Putnam, 1874 ;
• katantanwa na teku, Borsonella agassizii (Dall, 1908) ;
• wani nau'in kaguwa Eucratodes agassizii A. Milne Edwards, 1880 ;
• Ricker Ricker, 1943 ( ƙudan dutse );
• Publius agassizi (Kaup, 1871) (wani irin ƙwaro );
• Xylocrius agassizi (LeConte, 1861) ( ƙwaro mai tsayi );
• Exoprosoparopa agassizii Loew, 1869 ( ƙudan zuma );
• Chelonia agassizii Bocourt, 1868 (Kunkuru mai launin kore na Galápagos);
• Philodryas agassizii (Jan, 1863) (maciji ɗan Kudancin Amurka);

kuma mafi shahara,

• Gopherus agassizii (Cooper, 1863) (kunkuru na hamada).
• A shekarar 2020, an sanya wa wani sabon nau'in kifin pycnodont (Actinopterygii, Pycnodontiformes) mai suna Agassazilia erfoundina (Cooper da Martill, 2020) daga ƙungiyar Kem Kem ta ƙasar Morocco suna don girmama Agassiz, wanda ya fara gano ƙungiyar a shekarun 1830.

Kyaututtukan girmamawa

A shekara ta 2005, Sashen Ƙungiyar Kimiyyar Ƙasashen Turai kan Kimiyyar Cryospheric ya kafa lambar yabo ta Louis Agassiz, wadda aka bai wa mutane domin girmama gudummawar da suka bayar a fannin kimiyya ga nazarin cryosphere a Duniya ko kuma a wani wuri a cikin Tsarin Rana .

Agassiz ya halarci wani taro na wata-wata mai suna Saturday Club a Parker House, taron marubuta da masana na Boston. Saboda haka, an ambace shi a cikin wani waƙar Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. mai suna " A Saturday Club :"  

Daguerreotypes na Renty da Delia Taylor

Renty Taylor

A shekara ta 1850, Agassiz ya ba da umarnin yin amfani da daguerreotypes, waɗanda aka bayyana a matsayin "masu ban tsoro da kuma masu kallon" bayin Renty Taylor da 'yar Taylor, Delia, don ƙara hujjojinsa game da ƙarancin baƙar fata. Su ne hotunan bayi na farko da aka sani. Agassiz ya bar hotunan zuwa Harvard, kuma sun ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin rufin gidan tarihin Peabody har zuwa 1976, lokacin da Ellie Reichlin, tsohuwar ma'aikaciyar ma'aikaciya, ta sake gano su. Daguerrotypes 15 suna cikin shari'ar da aka yi da "JT Zealy, Mai Daukar Hoto, Columbia," tare da wasu lakabi da aka rubuta da hannu, waɗanda suka taimaka wajen gano su daga baya. Reichlin ya shafe watanni yana bincike don ƙoƙarin gano mutanen da ke cikin hotunan, amma Jami'ar Harvard ba ta yi ƙoƙarin tuntuɓar iyalai ba kuma ta ba da lasisin hotunan don amfani.

A shekarar 2011, Tamara Lanier ta rubuta wa shugaban Harvard wata wasika wadda ta bayyana kanta a matsayin zuriyar Taylors kai tsaye kuma ta nemi jami'ar ta miƙa mata hotunan.

A shekarar 2019, zuriyar Taylor sun kai ƙarar Harvard don dawo da hotunan da kuma diyya da ba a bayyana ba. An goyi bayan ƙarar ne daga zuri'ar Agassiz guda 43 masu rai, waɗanda suka rubuta a cikin wata wasiƙar goyon baya, "Domin Harvard ta bai wa Ms. Lanier da iyalinta ƴan daguerreotypes ɗin daguerreotypes ɗin daguerreotypes ɗin daguerreotypes ɗin daguerreotypes ɗin daguerreotypes ɗin da aka yi amfani da su a matsayin nuni ga ka'idar da Agassiz ya yi amfani da ita." Dole ne kowa ya tantance "rawar da ya taka wajen haɓaka hujjar kimiyya ta ƙarya don fifikon fararen fata." An sanar da sulhun ƙarar a watan Mayu na 2025. Ana sa ran za a mayar da dukkan nau'ikan daguerrotypes na Agassiz-Zealy zuwa gidan tarihi na tarihin Baƙar fata a South Carolina (babu wanda zai je wurin Ms. Lanier da kansa), kuma Harvard za ta biya Ms. Lanier wani kuɗi da ba a bayyana ba saboda damuwarta ta motsin rai.

• 
  "Baba" Renty Taylor An haife shi a Congo, 1775-ya mutu a/bayan 1866. Mai kula da filin a BF Taylor Plantation, Columbia South Carolina [Lura da hoton bayanin martaba na gefe za a iya samu a labarin kan layi "Louis Agassiz Two Faces"]
• 
  Delia (An haife ta a Amurka); 'yar Renty a BF Taylor Plantation, Columbia South Carolina [Hoto # 1]
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  'Yar Delia ta Renty a BF Taylor Plantation, Columbia South Carolina [Hoto # 2]
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  Jack na Guinea, direban bayi a BF Taylor Plantation, Columbia South Carolina [Hoto # 1]
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  Jack na Guinea, direban bayi a BF Taylor Plantation, Columbia South Carolina [Hoto # 2]
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  'Yar Jack mai suna Drana a BF Taylor Plantation, Columbia South Carolina [Hoto # 1]
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  'Yar Jack mai suna Drana a BF Taylor Plantation, Columbia South Carolina [Hoto # 2]
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  Fassena a mandingo Carpender a Wade Hampton Plantation, South Carolina [Lura cewa za a iya samun cikakken hoton fuska a https://saa3dm.org/2021/11/16/1850 ]
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  "Jem. A Gullah..BW Green Plantation [Duba Tarihin Amirka a watan Yunin 1977 "Fuskokin Bauta"]
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Ra'ayin Al'umma Kan Al'umma Da Wariyar Launin Fata

Bayan yakin duniya na 1906 a San Francisco ­ Shugaban Stanford David Starr Jordan ya rubuta, "Wani — Angell, wataƙila — cewa ' Agassiz ya yi kyau a zahiri amma ba a cikin siminti ba. '

Agassiz sanannen masanin kimiyyar halitta ne na zamaninsa a Amurka. Baya ga kasancewarsa masanin kimiyyar halitta, Agassiz ya yi rubutu mai yawa a fannin ilimin kimiyyar da ya shafi al'adu daban-daban bayan ya zo Amurka.

Da ya isa Boston a shekarar 1846, Agassiz ya shafe watanni yana fahimtar yankin arewa maso gabashin Amurka. Ya shafe mafi yawan lokacinsa tare da Samuel George Morton, wani shahararren masanin ilmin halittar dan Adam na Amurka a lokacin wanda ya shahara ta hanyar nazarin burbushin da Lewis da Clark suka dawo da su. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan Morton na kashin kansa ya ƙunshi nazarin ƙarfin kwanyar mutum daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Morton ya yi niyyar amfani da craniometry don tabbatar da cewa fararen fata sun fi sauran jinsi a fannin ilmin halitta. Aikinsa " Crania Aegyptiaca" ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana goyon bayan imanin polygenism cewa an halicci jinsi daban-daban kuma kowannensu yana da nasa halaye na musamman.

Morton ya dogara ga wasu masana kimiyya don aika masa da kwanyar tare da bayanai game da inda aka samo su. Morton bai yi la'akari da abubuwan da za su iya shafar ƙarfin kwanyar ba, kamar girman jiki da jinsi, Morton bai yi la'akari da su ba. Ya yi kira da a yi watsi da lissafin kwanyar Hindu daga ma'aunin kwanyarsa na Caucasian saboda sun rage matsakaicin gabaɗaya. Akasin haka, ya haɗa da ma'aunin kwanyar Peru tare da lissafin 'yan asalin Amurka duk da cewa adadin Peru ya rage matsakaicin maki. Duk da rashin ingantattun hanyoyin Morton, aikinsa da aka buga akan ƙarfin kwanyar a cikin jinsi an ɗauke shi a matsayin mai iko a Amurka da Turai. Morton shine babban tasiri ga imanin Agassiz game da polygenism.

John Amory Lowell ya gayyaci Agassiz ya gabatar da laccoci goma sha biyu a watan Disamba na shekarar 1846 kan batutuwa uku masu taken " Shirin Halitta kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Daular Dabbobi, Ilimin Halitta, da Ilimin Haihuwa Mai Kwatantawa" a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin Lakcar Lowell. An halarci waɗannan laccoci sosai tare da mutane har zuwa 5,000 da ke halarta a wasu dare. A lokacin waɗannan laccoci ne Agassiz ya sanar a karon farko cewa baƙar fata da fari suna da asali daban-daban amma suna cikin nau'in iri ɗaya. Agassiz ya maimaita wannan laccar watanni 10 bayan haka ga Charleston Literary Club amma ya canza matsayinsa na asali, yana mai iƙirarin cewa baƙar fata nau'in halitta ne na jiki da na jiki.

Agassiz ya yi imani da cewa mutane ba su fito daga kakanni ɗaya ba. Ya yi imani cewa kamar shuke-shuke da dabbobi, yankuna daban-daban suna da bambancin nau'ikan mutane . Ya ɗauki wannan hasashe a matsayin abin gwaji, kuma ya dace da shaidar da ake da ita. Ya kuma nuna cewa akwai shinge a fili na ƙasa waɗanda ke iya haifar da nau'in halittu.

Stephen Jay Gould ya yi ikirarin cewa lura da Agassiz ya samo asali ne daga nuna wariyar launin fata, musamman daga ƙiyayyar da ya nuna a lokacin da ya fara haɗuwa da Baƙar fata Amurkawa a Amurka. Da yake ambaton wasiƙun da Agassiz ya rubuta, Gould ya kwatanta nuna rashin son kai na Agassiz a bainar jama'a da wasiƙunsa na sirri, inda ya bayyana "haɓaka rabin nau'in" a matsayin "zunubi ga yanayi..." Da yake bayyana haɗakar fararen fata da baƙar fata, ya yi gargaɗi, "Mun riga mun yi gwagwarmaya, a ci gabanmu, game da tasirin daidaito na duniya... amma ta yaya za mu kawar da ƙyamar ƙabila mai ƙanƙanta yayin da aka taɓa barin jininta ya kwarara cikin 'ya'yanmu." Akasin haka, wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa, duk da fifita ra'ayin cewa an yi wa al'umma fiye da ɗaya girma, Agassiz ya ƙi wariyar launin fata kuma ya yi imani da haɗin kai na ruhi na ɗan adam. Duk da haka, a cikin wannan labarin, Agassiz ya roƙi mai karatu ya yi la'akari da tsarin jinsi, yana ambaton "Ba'indiye mai ƙarfin hali, jarumtaka, alfahari, - yadda yake tsaye a gefen ɗan wawa, mai biyayya, mai kwaikwayi, ko kuma a gefen ɗan Mongoliya mai wayo, mai wayo, da tsoro! Shin waɗannan bayanai ba su nuna cewa bambancin launin fata ba sa kan matsayi ɗaya a yanayi ba?"

Agassiz bai taɓa goyon bayan bauta ba kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa ra'ayinsa game da auren mace fiye da ɗaya ba shi da alaƙa da siyasa. Duk da haka, ra'ayoyinsa game da auren mace fiye da ɗaya ya ƙarfafa masu goyon bayan auren mace fiye da ɗaya. A lokacin Yaƙin Basasa, Agassiz ya yi kira da a 'yantar da bayi a matsayin hanyar hana ɓarna, yana mai jayayya cewa kafa rabuwar launin fata mai tsauri zai hana shugabannin fararen fata marasa ƙwarewa ko marasa ƙarfi daga miƙa wuya ga bautar baƙaƙen bayinsu da kuma haifar da yara masu launin fata daban-daban . Ba kamar Abraham Lincoln ba, wanda ya yi hasashen mayar da Baƙaƙen Amurkawa zuwa Afirka, Agassiz ya yi imanin cewa kasancewarsu a Amurka ba za a iya jurewa ba. A cewarsa, 'yantar da bayi ya kamata ya kasance tare da tsauraran dokoki waɗanda ke tabbatar da wariyar launin fata don guje wa " haifuwa " wanda ya gani a matsayin yiwuwar haifar da mutane marasa haihuwa. Kamar sauran masu goyon bayan abin da ake kira wariyar launin fata ta kimiyya, Agassiz ya taka rawa ta farko a cikin haɓaka wariyar launin fata mai tsari.

Zargin wariyar launin fata da wariya da ake yi wa Agassiz ya sa aka sake sanya wa wurare masu muhimmanci suna, makarantu, da sauran cibiyoyi (wadanda suka yi yawa a Massachusetts) wadanda ke dauke da sunansa. Ra'ayoyi game da wadannan matakai sau da yawa suna gauraye, idan aka yi la'akari da tarihin kimiyya da ya bari a wasu fannoni, an dade ana boye wariyar launin fata a cikin bincikensa mai kyau a fannin kimiyyar halitta. A shekarar 2007, masanin tarihi na St. Gallen Hans Fässler ya yi amfani da damar cika shekaru 200 da haihuwar Agassiz don gano mummunan gefen masanin kimiyya kuma ya kafa kwamitin kasa da kasa mai suna " Rushe Louis Agassiz " wanda manufarsa ita ce sake suna ga wurare da aka sanya wa suna bayan masanin kimiyyar Switzerland domin a aika da wata alama a fili game da wariyar launin fata. A shekarar 2007 da 2015, gwamnatin Switzerland ta amince da "tunanin wariyar launin fata", amma ta ƙi sake suna ga ƙololuwar Agassizhorn Rentyhorn, duk da cewa Carlo Sommaruga ya yi iƙirarin cewa an riga an yi irin wannan sauyi a Switzerland lokacin da, bisa buƙatar Majalisar Dokoki, Majalisar Tarayya ta yanke shawara, a watan Janairun 1863, ta sake suna ga Kololuwar Mafi Girma a Switzerland " Pointe Dufour " don girmama Janar kuma mai tsara ƙasa na Switzerland Guillaume Henri Dufour . Bayan Yaƙin Sonderbund, ƙasar da Dufour ya sulhunta ta amince da sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayya na Switzerland, wanda Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka, ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi wajen kafa ƙasar tarayya a 1848. A shekarar 2017, Ƙungiyar Alpine ta Swiss ta ƙi soke matsayin Agassiz a matsayin memba na girmamawa, wanda ya samu a 1865 saboda aikinsa na kimiyya, saboda ƙungiyar ta yi la'akari da cewa cire Louis Agassiz daga jerin tsoffin membobin girmamawa zai zama ɓata tarihi. Marubuci ɗan Afirka-Amurka James Baldwin ne ya fara yin nazari kan wariyar launin fata a Switzerland a lokacin ziyararsa ta 1953 zuwa Leukerbad . Ya bayyana shi a matsayin imani "mara hankali" game da fifikon al'adun fararen fata da "kabila," wanda - ba kamar a Amurka ba - bai bayyana ɓangaren tashin hankali ba saboda rashin hulɗa kai tsaye da mutanen da aka bautar ko aka yi wa mulkin mallaka . Tun daga shekarun 1960, masana ilimi da masu bincike sun yi nazari sosai kan kyamar Yahudawa da kuma kyamar baƙi a Switzerland. A watan Yunin 2019, Neuchâtel ta canza sunan Espace Louis-Agassiz, kusa da Faculty of Letters na Jami'ar Neuchâtel, zuwa Espace Tilo-Frey . Ita ce mutum ta farko 'yar asalin Afirka da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Ƙasa, a shekarar 1971, shekarar da masu zaɓe na Switzerland suka amince da ba wa mata ' yancin kaɗa ƙuri'a da tsayawa takara a zaɓen raba gardama . A shekarar 2020, Sashen Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam na Stanford ya nemi a cire mutum-mutumin Louis Agassiz daga gaban gininsa. Lokacin da wani mutum-mutumi, na Baron David de Pury, ya zama tushen muhawara a Switzerland, hukumomin Neuchâtel sun zaɓi sanya allo kuma suka ƙaddamar da gasar fasaha don ƙirƙirar aikin da ya yi hulɗa da mutum-mutumin da kuma tarihinsa. Wani alkalai na ƙasa da ƙasa ƙarƙashin jagorancin Pap Ndiaye ya zaɓi sassaken mai zane na Geneva Mathias Pfund mai suna Great in the Concrete, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi sakamakon faɗuwar mutum-mutumin Agassiz a shekarar 1906, wanda aka binne kansa a cikin siminti. A shekarar 2021, Makarantun Jama'a na Chicago sun sanar da cewa za su cire sunan Agassiz daga makarantar firamare su kuma sake masa suna zuwa ga mai fafutukar kawar da gwamnati kuma mai fafutukar siyasa, Harriet Tubman . A shekarar 2022, Ƙungiyar Amintattu ta Reservations ta sake wa Agassiz Rock suna zuwa The Monoliths .

Ayyuka

• Recherches sur les poissons burbushin halittu (1833-1843)
• Tarihin Kifin Ruwa Mai Daɗi na Tsakiyar Turai (1839-1842)
• Tsarin glaciers (1840)
• Abubuwan da suka shafi burbushin halittu na mollusques (1840-1845)
• Zoologicus mai suna (1842-1846)
• Monographie des poissons fossiles du Vieux Gres Rouge, ko Systeme Devonien (Tsohon Red Sandstone) des Iles Britanniques et de Russie (1844-1845)
• Littafi Mai Tsarki Zoologiae et Geologiae (1848)
• (tare da AA Gould ) Ka'idojin Ilimin Dabbobi don Amfani da Makarantu da Kwalejoji (Boston, 1848)
• Tafkin Mafi Girma: Halinsa na Jiki, Tsirrai da Dabbobi, idan aka kwatanta da na wasu yankuna da makamantansu (Boston: Gould, Kendall da Lincoln, 1850)
• Gudummawa ga Tarihin Halitta na Amurka (Boston: Little, Brown, da Co., 1857–1862)
• Zane-zanen Ƙasa (Boston: Ticknor & Fields, 1866)
• Tafiya a Brazil (1868)
• De l'espèce et de la classification en zoologie [ Essay on classification ] (Trans. Felix Vogeli. Paris: Bailière, 1869)
• Zane-zanen Ƙasa (Jeri na Biyu) (Boston: JR Osgood, 1876)
• Muƙala kan Rarrabawa, ta Louis Agassiz (1962, Cambridge)