circulation

English

Etymology

From Middle English circulacioun, from Latin circulatio. Morphologically circulate +‎ -ion.

Pronunciation

• (UK) IPA^(key): /ˌsɜː(ɹ).kjʊˈleɪ.ʃən/
• (US) IPA^(key): /ˌsɝkjʊˈleɪʃən/

• Audio (US):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -eɪʃən

Noun

circulation (countable and uncountable, plural circulations)

Aspects of circulation (sense 5)

2. The act of moving in a circle, or in a course which brings the moving body to the place where its motion began.
3. The act of passing from place to place or person to person; free diffusion; transmission.
   • 1962 October, Brian Haresnape, “Focus on B.R. passenger stations”, in Modern Railways, page 252:

     For example, by changing the use of existing rooms, removing or replacing unsightly features, clearing obstacles to easy circulation, rearranging direction signs and generally introducing as much order as possible, most outdated station buildings can be made reasonably efficient and attractive.

4. Currency; circulating coins; notes, bills, etc., current for coin.

   The new bills will come into circulation next Friday.

5. The extent to which anything circulates or is circulated; the measurement of diffusion, especially the number of copies sold of a publication.
   • June 1 2016, Karen Roberts in the Evening Express, Aberdeen Journals - The Broad Street Years

     The reputation and circulation of the paper continued to grow, and the board decided a new custom-built base was required for both the Press and Journal and Evening Express to replace the crumbling, but much loved, Broad Street offices.

   • 2025 March 7, Bron Maher, “Top 50 magazines in the US: The Atlantic is fastest growing title in second half of 2024”, in Press-Gazette‎^[1]:

     Print circulation across the top 50 US magazines fell 5% year-on-year.

7. (strictly) The movement of the blood in the circulatory system, by which it is brought into close relations with the cells and tissues of the body; (loosely) the circulatory system.
   • 1822, John Barclay, chapter I, in An Inquiry Into the Opinions, Ancient and Modern, Concerning Life and Organization‎^[2], Edinburgh; London: Bell & Bradfute; Waugh & Innes; G. & W. B. Whittaker, section I, page 2:

     In the dead state all is apparently without motion. No agent within indicates design, intelligence, or foresight: there is no respiration; no digestion, circulation, or nutrition; […]

8. The movement of the sap in the vessels and tissues of plants.

Derived terms

• cerebrocirculation
• circulational
• circulationary
• circulation desk
• circulationism
• circulationist
• circulation time
• cocirculation
• collateral circulation
• coronary circulation
• Hadley circulation
• in circulation
• Langmuir circulation
• macrocirculation
• malcirculation
• microcirculation
• miscirculation
• noncirculation
• overcirculation
• pulmonary circulation
• systemic circulation
• thermohaline circulation

Descendants

• → Japanese: サーキュレーション (sākyurēshon)

Translations

act of moving in a circle

• Azerbaijani: dövran (az)
• Bulgarian: обикаляне (bg) n (obikaljane), кръжене (krăžene)
• Czech: cirkulace (cs) f
• Esperanto: cirkulado
• Finnish: kiertoliike (fi), pyöriminen (fi), kiertokulku (fi)
• Georgian: please add this translation if you can
• German: Kreislauf (de) m, Zirkulation (de) f, Umlauf (de) m
• Greek: κυκλοφορία (el) f (kykloforía)
• Hungarian: keringés (hu)
• Indonesian: perputaran (id)
• Macedonian: обиколу́вање n (obikolúvanje), кру́жење n (krúženje)
• Norwegian:

  Bokmål: sirkulasjon m

  Nynorsk: sirkulasjon m

• Portuguese: circulação (pt) f, circundação f
• Russian: кругово́е движе́ние n (krugovóje dvižénije), круговоро́т (ru) m (krugovorót), циркуля́ция (ru) f (cirkuljácija)
• Scottish Gaelic: cuairteachadh m
• Spanish: circulación (es) f
• Thai: การไหลเวียน, การหมุนเวียน (th)
• Turkish: dönme (tr)

  Ottoman Turkish: اداره (idâre), دوره (devre)

act of passing from place to place or person to person

• Afrikaans: sirkulasie
• Bulgarian: обикаляне (bg) n (obikaljane)
• Dutch: omloop (nl) m
• Finnish: kierto (fi), kiertäminen (fi)
• German: Umlaufen n, Zirkulieren n
• Greek: κυκλοφορία (el) f (kykloforía)
• Macedonian: обиколу́вање n (obikolúvanje)
• Portuguese: circulação (pt) f
• Russian: оборо́т (ru) m (oborót)
• Spanish: circulación (es) f
• Turkish: dolaşma (tr)

currency; circulating coin; notes, bills, etc.

• Azerbaijani: tədavül, dövriyyəsi
• Bulgarian: обращение (bg) n (obraštenie)
• Dutch: oplage (nl)
• Finnish: liike (fi), liikenne (fi), käyttö (fi)
• Georgian: please add this translation if you can
• German: Geldumlauf (de) m, Geldkreislauf m, Geldzirkulation f
• Hungarian: forgalom (hu)
• Macedonian: о́птек m (óptek), про́мет m (prómet)
• Norwegian:

  Bokmål: omløp n

  Nynorsk: omløp n

• Portuguese: circulação (pt) f
• Russian: обраще́ние (ru) n (obraščénije)
• Spanish: circulación (es) f
• Turkish: tedavül (tr), dolaşım (tr), dolanım (tr), sirkülasyon (tr)

extent to which anything circulates or is circulated

• Azerbaijani: dövriyyə (az)
• Bulgarian: циркулация (bg) f (cirkulacija)
• Finnish: levikki (fi)
• Georgian: please add this translation if you can
• Hungarian: keringés (hu)
• Macedonian: циркула́ција f (cirkulácija)
• Persian: تیراژ (fa) (tirâž)
• Russian: циркуля́ция (ru) f (cirkuljácija), оборо́т (ru) m (oborót)
• Spanish: circulación (es) f

line integral along a closed path

• Asturian: circulación f
• Catalan: circulació (ca) f
• French: circulation (fr) f
• Galician: circulación (gl) f
• Italian: circolazione (it) f
• Portuguese: circulação (pt) f
• Spanish: circulación (es) f

movement of the blood in the blood-vascular system

• Azerbaijani: dövran (az), qan dövranı
• Bulgarian: кръвообращение n (krăvoobraštenie)
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 血液循環 / 血液循环 (zh) (xiěyè xúnhuán)

• Finnish: verenkierto (fi)
• French: circulation (fr) f
• Georgian: please add this translation if you can
• German: Blutkreislauf (de) m
• Greek: κυκλοφορία (el) f (kykloforía)
• Hungarian: keringés (hu), vérkeringés (hu)
• Indonesian: peredaran (id)
• Japanese: 血液循環 (ja) (けつえきじゅんかん, ketsueki junkan)
• Macedonian: кр́воток m (kŕvotok), циркула́ција f (cirkulácija)
• Malay: peredaran
• Manx: kiarkley m, kiarkley ny folley m
• Marathi: रक्ताभिसरण n (raktābhisraṇ)
• Norwegian:

  Bokmål: blodsirkulasjon m

  Nynorsk: blodsirkulasjon m

• Portuguese: circulação (pt) f
• Russian: кровообраще́ние (ru) n (krovoobraščénije)
• Scottish Gaelic: cuairteachadh m
• Spanish: circulación (es) f
• Thai: การไหลเวียนของเลือด
• Turkish: kan dolaşımı (tr), sirkülasyon (tr), dolaşım (tr), deveran (tr), deveranıdem (tr)
• Ukrainian: кровоо́біг m (krovoóbih)

the number of a newspaper or a magazine has been sold

• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 發行量 / 发行量 (zh) (fāxíngliàng), 銷售量 / 销售量 (zh) (xiāoshòuliàng)

See also

• circle
• cycle
• cyclus

Anagrams

• unicortical

French

Etymology

From Latin circulātiōnem.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /siʁ.ky.la.sjɔ̃/

• Audio:

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• Audio (France (Toulouse)):

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• Audio (France (Vosges)):

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• Audio (France (Lyon)):

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• Audio (France):

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• Audio (France (Vosges)):

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• Audio (France (Lyon)):

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• Audio (France (Somain)):

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• Rhymes: -jɔ̃

Noun

circulation f (plural circulations)

1. circulation (act of moving in a circular shape)
2. (anatomy) circulation (of blood)
3. traffic
4. distribution, circulation (of a newspaper/magazine)

Derived terms

• bande de circulation
• circulation alternée
• voie de circulation

Related terms

• circuler

Descendants

• → Romanian: circulație
• → Turkish: sirkülasyon

Further reading

• “circulation”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012