as

See also: Appendix:Variations of "as"

Languages (62)

Translingual • English

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Translingual

Etymology 1

From a (“atto-”) +‎ s (“second”).

Symbol

as

2. (metrology) Symbol for attosecond, an SI unit of time equal to 10⁻¹⁸ seconds.

Etymology 2

Abbreviation of English arcsecond.

Symbol

as

1. (metrology) arcsecond

Etymology 3

Clipping of English Assamese.

Symbol

as

1. (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Assamese.

See also

• Wiktionary’s coverage of Assamese terms

English

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-der.?

Proto-Indo-European *h₂elnós

Proto-Germanic *allaz

Proto-West Germanic *all

Proto-Indo-European *swéder.?

Proto-Germanic *swa

Proto-West Germanic *swā

Proto-West Germanic *allswā

Old English eallswā

Middle English also

Middle English as

English as

From Middle English as, als(a), alswa, from Old English eallswā (“just so; as”), thus representing a reduced form of also. Compare German Low German a(l)s, German als, Dutch als.

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation, US, Australia, Canada)
  • (weak form) IPA^(key): /əz/
  • (strong form) IPA^(key): /æz/, [æz]
• (Standard Southern British, Northern England)
  • (weak form) IPA^(key): /əz/
  • (strong form) IPA^(key): /æz/, [az]

• Audio (General American):

  (file)

• Audio (US):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -æz

Adverb

as (not comparable)

1. To such an extent or degree; to the same extent or degree.

   She regards her kids as (being) holy as saints.

   You’re not as tall as I am, but you are definitely as happy as can be.

   It's not as well made, but it's twice as expensive.

   In 1939, as in 1914, all of Europe seemed to want war.

   • 1908, W[illiam] B[lair] M[orton] Ferguson, chapter IV, in Zollenstein, New York, N.Y.: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC:

     “My Continental prominence is improving,” I commented dryly.
     Von Lindowe cut at a furze bush with his silver-mounted rattan.
     “Quite so,” he said as dryly, his hand at his mustache. “I may say if your intentions were known your life would not be worth a curse.”

   • 1921, Ben Travers, chapter 1, in A Cuckoo in the Nest, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, published 1925, →OCLC:

     She was like a Beardsley Salome, he had said. And indeed she had the narrow eyes and the high cheekbone of that creature, and as nearly the sinuosity as is compatible with human symmetry. His wooing had been brief but incisive.

2. Considered to be, in relation to something else; in the relation (specified).
   • 1865, The Act of Suicide as Distinct from the Crime of Self-Murder: A Sermon:
   • 1937, Tobias Matthay, On Colouring as Distinct from Tone-inflection: A Lecture, London: Oxford University Press:
3. (formal, somewhat dated) For example; for instance. (Compare such as.)
   • 1820, John Strype, The Life of the Learned Sir Thomas Smith, page 48:

     Likewise many other indulgences were by virtue hereof granted; as, to have a portatile altar, to receive the Sacrament privately; […]

   • 1913, “Aboriginal”, in Webster's Unabridged Dictionary:

     First; original; indigenous; primitive; native; as, the aboriginal tribes of America.

   • 1922, E[ric] R[ücker] Eddison, The Worm Ouroboros: A Romance, London: Jonathan Cape […], →OCLC, page 3:

     The floor of the chamber was tesselated, of marble and green tourmaline, and on every square of tourmaline was carven the image of a fish: as the dolphin, the conger, the cat-fish, the salmon, the tunny, the squid, and other wonders of the deep.

Derived terms

• as I live and breathe

Translations

See as/translations § Adverb.

Conjunction

as

1. In the (same) way or manner that; to the (same) degree that.

   Do as I say!

   I'm under a lot of pressure, as you know.

   As you wish, my lord!

   Mom was slim, as were most of her relatives.

   The kidnappers released him as (was) agreed.

   A nearby to-infinitive may be a factor for choosing 'in order to', as will emphasis.

   • 2001, Jason Manning, Mountain Honor, Signet Book, →ISBN:

     "But he's good as dead, and I ain't about to waste a bullet."

   1. Used after so or as to introduce a comparison.

      She's twice as strong as I was two years ago.

      It's not so complicated as I expected.

      It’s as easy to do it right as it is to do it wrong.

   2. Used to introduce a result: with the result that it is; as to.
      • 1868, Proceedings and Debates of the [New York] Constitutional Convention Held in 1867 and 1868 in the City of Albany, page 2853:

        [...] that the Board of Regents had fallen into disrepute; that intelligent men inquired what the board was; he said that it was a quiet body, and kept out of the newspapers — and so quiet as to lead many to suppose tho board had ceased to exist.

      • 2006, Eric Manasse, The Twenty-First Man, iUniverse, →ISBN, page 7:

        It was a talent he had developed; he could actually be so quiet as to be practically invisible. In class, he was rarely called upon to answer any questions. In the crowded hallways, he could slip in and out without offending any of the local bullies ...

      • 2011, Herwig C. H. Hofmann, Gerard C. Rowe, Alexander H. Türk, Administrative Law and Policy of the European Union, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 507:

        Under most circumstances, it will be possible to draw a distinction sufficiently clear as to allow an unambiguous allocation to one or other category.

   3. Expressing concession: though.

      (As) much as I respect your viewpoint, I can’t agree.

      (As) bravely as they fought, they soon lost the battle.

      Try as she might, she could not escape.

      • 1843 (first published), Thomas Babington Macaulay, Essays

        We wish, however, to avail ourselves of the interest, transient as it may be, which this work has excited.

      • 2009, Matthew Friedman, Laurie B. Slone, J Friedman, After the War Zone, →ISBN:

        If this happens, be patient and, difficult as it may be, try not to take these reactions personally.

2. At the time that; during the time when:
   1. At the same instant or moment that: when.

      As I came in, she fled.

   2. At the same time that, during the same time when: while.

      He sleeps as the rain falls.

   3. Varying through time in the same proportion that.

      As my fear grew, so did my legs become heavy.

      As she grew older, she grew wiser.

3. Being that, considering that, because, since.

   Synonyms: see Thesaurus:because

   As it’s too late, I quit.

   (As) tired as he was, I decided not to disturb him.

4. (dated) Introducing a comparison with a hypothetical state (+ subjunctive, or with the verb elided): as though, as if. [to 19th century]
   • 1526, [William Tyndale, transl.], The Newe Testamẽt […] (Tyndale Bible), [Worms, Germany: Peter Schöffer], →OCLC, Acts ij:

     And sodenly there cam a sounde from heven as it had bene the commynge off a myghty wynde […]

   • 1591 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Second Part of Henry the Sixt, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies. […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]:

     Oft haue I ſeene the haughty Cardinall,
     More like a Souldier then a man o' th' Church,
     As ſtout and proud as he were Lord of all […]

   • 1593, Thomas Nashe, The Choice of Valentines, lines 140-141:

     And then he flue on hir as he were wood, / And on hir breeche did hack and foyne a-good.

   • 1681, John Dryden, The Spanish Fryar: Or, the Double Discovery. […], London: […] Richard Tonson and Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, (please specify the page number):

     I start as from some dreadful dream.

   • 1990, Andrew Fetler, “The third count”, in Triquarterly, number Spring:

     I feel securely fixed on the careering chair, and with the momentum gained I steer myself as on skis to the guard and come to a stop with a happy little flourish.

   • 1992/1993 Winter, Katherine Weissman, “The Divorce Gang”, in Ploughshares, volume 18, number 4, page 202:

     They think they are romantic, tragic figures, exiled as on Elba. They picture themselves as enlightened barons bringing civilization, opportunity, and kindness to the brown-skinned.

   • 2011 January 30, Kyle Wagner, “E-readers lighten a traveler's load But choosing the right unit means weighing features, cost, ease of use”, in Denver Post, page Travel 1:

     Newspapers and magazines would load their graphics, and you could doodle as on the Sony Reader Daily Edition.

5. (law) used before a preposition to clarify that the prepositional phrase restricts the meaning of the sentence; specifically.

   The case is dismissed as between Jones and Smith.

   (makes explicit that the case is continued between other parties to the litigation)

   The case is dismissed as against Smith.

   (makes explicit that it is continued against some other defendant)

6. Functioning as a relative conjunction, and sometimes like a relative pronoun: that, which, who. (See usage notes.) [from 14th c.]

   You strike me as being a very fidgety type of person.

   He had the same problem as she did getting the lock open.

   I read this extract as being extremely pessimistic.

   • c. 1591–1595 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Romeo and Ivliet”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):

     Now will he sit under a medlar tree,
     And wish his mistress were that kind of fruit,
     As maids call medlars, when they laugh alone.

   • 1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition II, section 5, member 1, subsection v:

     the temper is to be altered and amended, with such things as fortify and strengthen the heart and brain […]

   • 1854, Charles Dickens, “Book I, Chapter II”, in Hard Times. For These Times, London: Bradbury & Evans, […], →OCLC:

     ‘Sissy is not a name,’ said Mr. Gradgrind. ‘Don’t call yourself Sissy. Call yourself Cecilia.’
     ‘It’s father as calls me Sissy, sir,’ returned the young girl in a trembling voice, and with another curtsey.

   • 2016, Alan Moore, Jerusalem, Liveright, published 2016, page 99:

     “If I had, if I could hold me head up with the better folk, perhaps I'd think again, but I don't reckon as that's very likely now.”

7. (rare, now England, Midland US and Southern US, possibly obsolete) Than.
   • 1655, Thomas Fuller, The Church-history of Britain; […], London: […] Iohn Williams […], →OCLC, (please specify |book=I to XI):

     The king was not more forward to bestow favours on them as they free to deal affronts to others their superiors.

   • 1660, James Howell, Parly of Beasts, page 48:

     Darkness itself is no more opposite to light as their actions were diametricall to their words.

Usage notes

• Use of as as a relative conjunction meaning "that" dates to late Middle English and was formerly common in standard English, but is now only standard in constructions like "the same issue as she had" or "the identical issue as the appellant raised before"; otherwise, it is informal, found in the dialects of the Midland, Southern, Midwestern and Western US; and of Lancashire, Cheshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Derbyshire, Lincolnshire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire, Warwickshire, Northamptonshire, Huntingdonshire, East Anglia, Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire, Berkshire, Bedfordshire, Essex, Somerset, Dorset, Wiltshire, Surrey, and Cornwall; sometimes in Durham, Westmorland, Yorkshire and Somerset; only rarely in Northumberland and Scotland; and only in certain set phrases in Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire and Devon.

Alternative forms

• -'s (contracted form)

Synonyms

• (expressing concession): albeit, although; see also Thesaurus:even though
• (at the same time that): while, whilst; see also Thesaurus:while
• (being that): given that, seeing that; see also Thesaurus:because

Derived terms

• as much as
• forasmuch
• green as a gooseberry
• green as grass
• much as
• whenas
• whereas, whereäs

Translations

See as/translations § Conjunction.

Preposition

as

1. Introducing a basis of comparison, with an object in the objective case.

   You are not as tall as my sister.

   They are big as houses.

   • 1913, Mrs. [Marie] Belloc Lowndes, chapter I, in The Lodger, London: Methuen, →OCLC; republished in Novels of Mystery: The Lodger; The Story of Ivy; What Really Happened, New York, N.Y.: Longmans, Green and Co., […], [1933], →OCLC, page 0016:

     A great bargain also had been the excellent Axminster carpet which covered the floor; as, again, the arm-chair in which Bunting now sat forward, staring into the dull, small fire.

   • 1921, Ben Travers, chapter 1, in A Cuckoo in the Nest, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, published 1925, →OCLC:

     She was like a Beardsley Salome, he had said. And indeed she had the narrow eyes and the high cheekbone of that creature, and as nearly the sinuosity as is compatible with human symmetry.

2. In the role of.

   What is your opinion as a parent?

   As your big sis, I worry about your life too.

   He was never seen as the boss, but rather as a friend.

   • 2000, Tom Pendergast, Sara Pendergast, St. James encyclopedia of popular culture, volume 2, page 223:

     Directed by Howard Hawks, Gentlemen Prefer Blondes starred Marilyn Monroe as Lorelei and Jane Russell as Dorothy.

   • 2013 July-August, Catherine Clabby, “Focus on Everything”, in American Scientist:

     Not long ago, it was difficult to produce photographs of tiny creatures with every part in focus. […] A photo processing technique called focus stacking has changed that. Developed as a tool to electronically combine the sharpest bits of multiple digital images, focus stacking is a boon to biologists seeking full focus on a micron scale.

3. In the form of.

   I bought you a new toy as a special treat.

Usage notes

In traditional standard English as (like than) is a conjunction, not a preposition. The use of pronominal case forms (subject vs. object) therefore depends on the syntactical context. Compare:

• She loves you just as much as I [do].
• She loves you just as much as [she loves] me.

In modern everyday English, this difference may be lost and the use of bare subject forms (I, he, she, we, they) after as may seem pedantic. Only the object forms are used on their own.

• You are not as tall as I. (formal/dated short form)
• You are not as tall as me. (informal short form)
• You are not as tall as I am. (full form)

Derived terms

• as-built

Translations

See as/translations § Preposition.

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Latin as. Doublet of ace.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈæs/
• Homophone: ass

Noun

as (plural ases or asses)

1. (unit of weight) A libra, a Roman pound.
3. (numismatics, Ancient Rome) Any of several coins of Rome, coined in bronze or later copper; or the equivalent value.

   Synonyms: assarion, assarius

Translations

See as/translations § Noun.

Further reading

• As (Roman coin) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Etymology 3

From a + -s.

Noun

as

1. (rare) Alternative form of a's.

Etymology 4

Shortening of as hell or as fuck or similar.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈæz/

Adverb

as

1. (Australia, especially New Zealand, slang) Used to intensify an adjective; very much; extremely.

   sweet as

   • 2021 May 17, “Language Matters: Sweet as is Kiwi as”, in Stuff‎^[3]:

     It also appears in other positions in the sentence: his big as car could hardly fit.
     It's pretty scratched, and dented as.

References

• “as”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
• William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin Eli Smith, editors (1895–1910), “as”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.

Anagrams

• S&A, S. A., S.A., SA, Sa, s.a.

Achumawi

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /(ʔ)ʌs/

Noun

as

1. water

References

• Bruce E. Nevin, Aspects of Pit River phonology (1998) (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Linguistics)

Afrikaans

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /as/

Etymology 1

From Dutch as, from Proto-Germanic *askǭ.

Noun

as (plural asse, diminutive assie)

1. ash
2. ashes

Etymology 2

From Dutch as, from Proto-Germanic *ahsō.

Noun

as (plural asse, diminutive assie)

1. axle
2. axis

Etymology 3

From Dutch als.

Conjunction

as

1. if
2. when

Preposition

as

1. like

Ainu

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ás/, [ʔáʃ]

Audio:

(file)

Audio:

(file)

Verb

as (Kana spelling アㇲ／アㇱ, plural roski, causative atte, applicative aska)

1. (intransitive) to get up, to stand.

   Emuskorpe nispa ot nukar hine as wa an.

   The policemаn looked at the body while standing.

2. (intransitive, meteorological) (for rain, snow, ash) to fall, (for wind) to blow.

   Tanto apto as ka somo ki yak pirka ku-ramu humi an.

   I really hope it doesn’t rain today.

   Cuk rera as kor, ci nonno tupa wa caricari.

   As the autumn wind blew, the dead flowers fell and scattered around.

3. (intransitive) (for noises or voices) to sound.

   Sinotca ne e-hawe pirkano as.

   Your voice sounds as beautiful as a song.

4. (intransitive) (for rumors) to spread.

   Anun wenpe e-itak yak, eun wenpe as.

   If you say bad things about other people, bad things will come for you as well.

5. (intransitive) to stop (moving).

   Hekaci sonno kiror’an kusu, mokor wa an patek as.

   Because children have too much energy, they only stop when they are asleep.

6. (intransitive, stative) to be closed, to be shut.

   Apa as.

   The door is closed.

7. (intransitive) (for smells) to rise, to appear.

   Icakkere! Tanepo raycep hura as humi!

   Disgusting! I swear a scent of something dead just rose!

8. (intransitive) to grow, to flourish.

   Sar as’oasi siri an.

   Apparently, the grass started growing.

Conjugation

Conjugation of as (intransitive, 1-slot)

	singular	plural
1st-person	k(u)=as	roski=as
2nd-person	e=as	eci=roski
3rd-person	as	roski
4th-person	as=an	roski=an

^†1st-person plurals are exclusive. Inclusive 1st-person plurals are denoted by 4th-person.
^†4th-person: indefinite person, 1st-person inclusive plural, logophorical person, 2nd-person honorific, etc.
See Ainu grammar.

Albanian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *(ne) h₂óyu kʷíd (“(not) ever, (not) on your life”). compare Ancient Greek οὐ (ou) and Armenian ոչ (očʻ) -ës

Adverb

as

1. not, neither, nor

Related terms

• nuk

Aragonese

Etymology

From Latin illās.

Article

as pl

1. the

   As mesachas de Zaragoza ― The girls from Saragossa

Usage notes

The form las, either pronounced as las or as ras, can be found after words ending with -a.

Catalan

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Northern, Balearic, Central, Valencia, Northwestern) [ˈas]

• Audio (Barcelona):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -as

Etymology 1

From Latin as (“basic Roman unit of money”).

Noun

as m (plural asos)

1. (games) an ace (the side of a die with a single pip)
2. (card games) an ace (a card with a single pip, usually of highest rank in a suit)
3. (figuratively, sports) an ace (an expert)
4. (historical, metrology) an as or a libra (Roman unit of weight)
5. (historical, numismatics) an as (Roman unit of money)

Derived terms

• as de guia (“bowline knot”)
• sempre un sis o un as (“a handicap or a problem”)

Etymology 2

From Old Norse áss, singular of æsir (“the Norse gods”).

Noun

as m (plural asos)

1. (mythology) One of the Æsir

Etymology 3

Contraction

as

1. (dialectal) Contraction of the preposition a with the salty article es

Synonyms

• al (“contraction of a and el”)

Etymology 4

Noun

as

1. plural of a

Cimbrian

Etymology

From Middle High German als. Cognate with German als, English as.

Conjunction

as

1. (Sette Comuni) if

   As ze alle khödent azò misses zèinan baar.

   If everyone says it it must be true.

References

• “as” in Martalar, Umberto Martello; Bellotto, Alfonso (1974), Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo

Danish

Etymology

Borrowed from Icelandic ás.

Noun

as c (singular definite asen, plural indefinite aser)

1. one of the Æsir

Inflection

Declension of as

common gender	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	as	asen	aser	aserne
genitive	as'	asens	asers	asernes

Noun

as n (singular definite asset, plural indefinite asser)

1. A-flat (A♭)

Inflection

Declension of as

neuter gender	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	as	asset	asser	asserne
genitive	as'	assets	assers	assernes

Verb

as

1. imperative of ase

Dutch

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɑs/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: as
• Rhymes: -ɑs
• Homophone: Asch

Etymology 1

From Middle Dutch asche, from Old Dutch *aska, from Proto-West Germanic *askā, from Proto-Germanic *askǭ.

Cognate with Low German Asch, German Asche, English ash, West Frisian jiske, Danish aske, Swedish aska.

Noun

as f (plural assen, diminutive asje n)

2. ash
3. ashes

Alternative forms

• asch (obsolete)
• asse

Derived terms

• asbak
• asbeer
• asbezem
• asbrood
• asgrauw
• asla
• asvaalt
• asvarken
• Aswoensdag
• aswolk
• in zak en as zitten
• kalkas
• lijkas
• potas
• verassen

Descendants

• Afrikaans: as
• Berbice Creole Dutch: asi
• Negerhollands: haschěsis, hassesje, assche, ašiši, hašiši, haši, babaši, aschies, assisje, az

Etymology 2

From Middle Dutch asse, from Old Dutch *assa, from Proto-Germanic *ahsō.

Noun

as f (plural assen, diminutive asje n)

2. axis
3. axle

Derived terms

• cardanas
• draaias
• hoofdas
• krukas
• symmetrieas
• trapas
• windas
• x-as
• y-as
• z-as

Descendants

• Afrikaans: as
• Negerhollands: az
• → Indonesian: as
• → Papiamentu: as (dated)

Etymology 3

Noun

as f (plural assen, diminutive asje n)

1. (music) A-flat

Etymology 4

Conjunction

as

1. (The Hague dialect) alternative spelling of als

Preposition

as

1. (The Hague dialect) alternative spelling of als
2. (The Hague dialect) eive ... as: as ... as

Fala

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese as, from Latin illās.

Article

as f pl (singular a, masculine u or o, masculine plural us or os)

1. Feminine plural definite article; the
   • 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Theme I, Chapter 2: Númerus?:

     As lenguas, idiomas, dialectus o falas tenin un-as funciós mui claras desde o principiu dos siglu i si hai contabilizaus en o mundu un-as 8.000 lenguas, ca un-a con sua importancia numérica relativa, a nossa fala é un tesoiru mais entre elas.

     The tongues, languages or regional variants have some very clear functions since the beginning of the centuries and some 8,000 languages have been accounted for in the world, each with its relative numerical importance, our Fala is another treasure among them.

Pronoun

as

1. Third person plural feminine accusative pronoun; them

See also

Fala personal pronouns

			nominative	dative	accusative	disjunctive
singular	first person		ei	me, -mi		mi
	second person		tú	te, -ti		ti
	third person	m	el	le, -li	uLV, oM	el
		f	ela		a	ela
plural	first person	common	nos	musL nusLV nos, -nusM		nos
		m	noshotrusM			noshotrusM
		f	noshotrasM			noshotrasM
	second person	common	vos	vusLV vos, -vusM		vos
		m	voshotrusM			voshotrusM
		f	voshotrasM			voshotrasM
	third person	m	elis	le, -li	usLV, osM	elis
		f	elas		as	elas
third person reflexive			—	se, -si		sí

Dialects:  ^L Lagarteiru   ^M Mañegu   ^V Valverdeñu

References

• Valeš, Miroslav (2021), Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web), 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN, page 36

Finnish

Etymology

From German As (German key notation).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɑs/, [ˈɑ̝s̠]
• Rhymes: -ɑs
• Syllabification^(key): as
• Hyphenation^(key): as

Noun

as

1. (music) A-flat

Usage notes

Capitalized for the great octave or any octave below that, or in names of major keys; not capitalized for the small octave or any octave above that, or in names of minor keys.

Declension

Inflection of as (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation)
nominative		as	asit
genitive		asin	asien
partitive		asia	aseja
illative		asiin	aseihin
		singular	plural
nominative		as	asit
accusative	nom.	as	asit
	gen.	asin
genitive		asin	asien
partitive		asia	aseja
inessive		asissa	aseissa
elative		asista	aseista
illative		asiin	aseihin
adessive		asilla	aseilla
ablative		asilta	aseilta
allative		asille	aseille
essive		asina	aseina
translative		asiksi	aseiksi
abessive		asitta	aseitta
instructive		—	asein
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of as (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative asini asini accusative nom. asini asini gen. asini genitive asini asieni partitive asiani asejani inessive asissani aseissani elative asistani aseistani illative asiini aseihini adessive asillani aseillani ablative asiltani aseiltani allative asilleni aseilleni essive asinani aseinani translative asikseni aseikseni abessive asittani aseittani instructive — — comitative — aseineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative asisi asisi accusative nom. asisi asisi gen. asisi genitive asisi asiesi partitive asiasi asejasi inessive asissasi aseissasi elative asistasi aseistasi illative asiisi aseihisi adessive asillasi aseillasi ablative asiltasi aseiltasi allative asillesi aseillesi essive asinasi aseinasi translative asiksesi aseiksesi abessive asittasi aseittasi instructive — — comitative — aseinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative asimme asimme accusative nom. asimme asimme gen. asimme genitive asimme asiemme partitive asiamme asejamme inessive asissamme aseissamme elative asistamme aseistamme illative asiimme aseihimme adessive asillamme aseillamme ablative asiltamme aseiltamme allative asillemme aseillemme essive asinamme aseinamme translative asiksemme aseiksemme abessive asittamme aseittamme instructive — — comitative — aseinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative asinne asinne accusative nom. asinne asinne gen. asinne genitive asinne asienne partitive asianne asejanne inessive asissanne aseissanne elative asistanne aseistanne illative asiinne aseihinne adessive asillanne aseillanne ablative asiltanne aseiltanne allative asillenne aseillenne essive asinanne aseinanne translative asiksenne aseiksenne abessive asittanne aseittanne instructive — — comitative — aseinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative asinsa asinsa accusative nom. asinsa asinsa gen. asinsa genitive asinsa asiensa partitive asiaan asiansa asejaan asejansa inessive asissaan asissansa aseissaan aseissansa elative asistaan asistansa aseistaan aseistansa illative asiinsa aseihinsa adessive asillaan asillansa aseillaan aseillansa ablative asiltaan asiltansa aseiltaan aseiltansa allative asilleen asillensa aseilleen aseillensa essive asinaan asinansa aseinaan aseinansa translative asikseen asiksensa aseikseen aseiksensa abessive asittaan asittansa aseittaan aseittansa instructive — — comitative — aseineen aseinensa

Derived terms

compounds

• as-aiolinen
• as-doorinen
• As-duuri
• as-fryyginen
• As-jooninen
• as-lokrinen
• As-lyydinen
• As-miksolyydinen
• as-molli

Anagrams

• sa

French

Etymology 1

From Latin as.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /as/ ~ /ɑs/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -as

Noun

as m (invariable)

1. ace (card of value 1)
2. ace (expert or pilot)
3. as (Roman coin)

Derived terms

• as des as
• plein aux as

Descendants

• → German: As, Ass
  • → Hungarian: ász
• → Romanian: as
• → Turkish: as
• → Vietnamese: át

Etymology 2

Inherited from Old French as, from Vulgar Latin *as, from Latin habēs.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /a/
• Homophones: à, a
• Rhymes: -a

Verb

as

1. second-person singular present indicative of avoir

   Tu as un chien.

   You have a dog.

Further reading

• “as”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012

Anagrams

• sa

Friulian

Etymology

From Latin axis.

Noun

as m

1. axis
2. board

Galician

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈas/ [ˈɐs̺]
• Rhymes: -as
• Hyphenation: as

Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese as, from Latin illās, accusative feminine plural of ille (“that”).

Article

as f pl (feminine singular a, masculine singular o, masculine plural os)

1. (definite) the

Usage notes

The definite article o (in all its forms) regularly forms contractions when it follows the prepositions a (“to”), con (“with”), de (“of, from”), and en (“in”). For example, con as ("with the") contracts to coas, and en as ("in the") contracts to nas.

Derived terms

• ás
• coas
• das
• nas

See also

Galician articles

	Singular		Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine
Definite articles (the)	o	a	os	as
Indefinite articles (a, an, some)	un	unha	uns	unhas

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronoun

as

1. accusative of elas

See also

Galician personal pronouns

number	person		nominative (subject)	accusative (direct object)	dative (indirect object)	prepositional	prepositional with con	non-declining
singular	first		eu	me		min	comigo	—
	second		ti	te	che	ti	contigo	vostede
	third	m	el	o (lo, no)	lle	el	con el	—
		f	ela	a (la, na)		ela	con ela	—
plural	first		nós nosoutros m nosoutras f	nos		nós	connosco	—
	second		vós vosoutros m vosoutras f	vos		vós	convosco	vostedes
	third	m	eles	os (los, nos)	lles	eles	con eles	—
		f	elas	as (las, nas)		elas	con elas	—
reflexive third / indefinite			—	se		si	consigo	—

Further reading

• “o”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2026
• Seoane, Ernesto Xosé González; Granja, María Álvarez de la; Agrelo, Ana Isabel Boullón (2006–2022), “as”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval [Dictionary of dictionaries of Medieval Galician] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “as”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega

Girawa

Noun

as

1. blood

   Synonym: karian

2. pandanus

References

• Pat Lillie, Girawa dictionary (1976-1999).

Icelandic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈaːs]
• Rhymes: -aːs

Etymology 1

Borrowed from German As. Equivalent to A +‎ -es.

Noun

as n (genitive singular as-s or ass, no plural)

1. (music) A flat

Declension

Declension of as (sg-only neuter)

	singular
	indefinite	definite
nominative	as	asið
accusative	as	asið
dative	asi	asinu
genitive	as-s, ass	as-sins, assins

References

• Mörður Árnason (2019), Íslensk orðabók, 5th edition, Reykjavík: Forlagið

Etymology 2

From asa (“to rush, hurry”). Doublet of asi.

Noun

as n (genitive singular ass, no plural)

1. hurry, rush, haste

   Synonym: asi (m)

Declension

Declension of as (sg-only neuter)

	singular
	indefinite	definite
nominative	as	asið
accusative	as	asið
dative	asi	asinu
genitive	ass	assins

References

• Ásgeir Blöndal Magnússon (1989), “as”, in Íslensk orðsifjabók, Reykjavík: Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies, →ISBN (Available at Málið.is under the “Eldri orðabækur” tab.)
• Kristín Bjarnadóttir, editor (2002–2026), “as”, in Beygingarlýsing íslensks nútímamáls [The Database of Modern Icelandic Inflection] (in Icelandic), Reykjavík: The Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies
• Mörður Árnason (2019), Íslensk orðabók, 5th edition, Reykjavík: Forlagið

Indonesian

Pronunciation

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /ˈas/ [ˈas]
• Rhymes: -as
• Syllabification: as

Etymology 1

From Dutch as (“axis, axle”), from Middle Dutch asse, from Old Dutch *assa, from Proto-Germanic *ahsō.

• The sense of propeller shaft is a semantic loan from Javanese [Term?].

Noun

as (plural as-as)

1. axis

   Synonyms: aksis, poros, sumbu

2. axle (the pin or spindle on which a wheel revolves, or which revolves with a wheel)

   Synonyms: poros, sumbu

3. axle, axletree (a transverse bar or shaft connecting the opposite wheels of a car or carriage)

   Synonyms: poros, sumbu

4. (dialectal) propeller shaft in fishing boat

Etymology 2

From Dutch aas (“ace”), earlier ase, from Middle Dutch aes, from Old French as, from Latin as.

• Semantic loan from English ace for meaning other than card with a single spot.
• Semantic loan from Manado Malay [Term?] for a term for a person of high dignity.

Noun

as (plural as-as)

1. ace
   1. card with a single spot
   2. (tennis) point scored without the opponent hitting the ball
   3. (golf) a hole in one

Noun

as (plural as-as or para as)

1. (dialectal: Manado) a term for a person of high dignity

Etymology 3

Borrowed from Manado Malay [Term?], probably from Dutch haas (“tenderloin”), from Middle Dutch haessen, from Old Dutch *hāsenewa, *hāhsenewa, from Proto-Germanic *hanhsenwō, *hanhasenwō (“heel tendon, Achilles tendon”), from Proto-Germanic *hanhaz (“heel”) + *senwō (“sinew”). Doublet of has.

Noun

as (plural as-as)

1. (dialectal: Manado) alternative form of has (“tenderloin”)

Further reading

• “as”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

Ingrian

Spatial inflection of as

→○	illative	asse
○	inessive	as
○→	elative	ast

Etymology

Formed analogously from ast by replacing the (superficial) elative ending with an inessive ending.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈɑsːɑ/, [ˈɑs̠ː]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈɑs/, [ˈɑʒ̥]
• (Hevaha) IPA^(key): /ˈɑs/, [ˈɑʒ̥]
• Rhymes: -ɑsː, -ɑs
• Hyphenation: as

Postposition

as (+ illative or allative)

1. (of time) up to, until
2. (of distance or motion) all the way to

as (+ elative or ablative)

1. (of time) ever since
2. (of distance or motion) all the way from

Synonyms

• saa, nasse, nas, nast, asse, ast

Derived terms

• nas

References

• Arvo Laanest (1997), Isuri keele Hevaha murde sõnastik, Eesti Keele Instituut, page 22

Irish

Etymology 1

From Old Irish ass (“out of it”), the third-person singular inflected form of a (“out of”) (compare Scottish Gaelic à), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs (compare Latin ex).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /asˠ/
• (Munster) IPA^(key): /ɑsˠ/
• (Aran) IPA^(key): /æsˠ/ (as if spelled eas)

Preposition

as (plus dative, triggers no mutation)

1. out of

   Tóg leabhar aníos as an mála.

   Take a book out of the bag.

   Tá Cathal ag déanamh bríste as an éadach.

   Cathal is making trousers out of the cloth.

   Bíonn Máire á dhéanamh as fearg.

   Máire does it out of anger

2. from (a place)

   Beidh Pádraig ag teacht as Meiriceá amárach.

   Pádraig will be coming from America tomorrow.

   Is as an nGearmáin í.

   She is from Germany.

   Bhí torann as an seomra leapa.

   There was a noise from the bedroom.

   Bhí cor as na toim.

   There was a movement from the bushes.

3. off

   Tá boladh as an madra sin.

   That dog smells (lit. There is a smell off that dog).

Inflection

Inflection of as

	Person:		simple	emphatic
singular	first		asam	asamsa
	second		asat	asatsa
	third	m	as	as-san
		f	aisti	aistise
plural	first		asainn	asainne
	second		asaibh	asaibhse
	third		astu	astusan

Derived terms

• as a chéile
• as amharc
• as cuma
• as marc

See also Category:Irish phrasal verbs formed with "as"

Etymology 2

From Old Irish ass.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /asˠ/
• (Munster) IPA^(key): /ɑsˠ/
• (Aran) IPA^(key): /æsˠ/ (as if spelled eas)

Pronoun

as (emphatic as-san)

1. third-person masculine singular of as (from, off, out of)

   Ní fhuair tú freagra as.

   You didn’t get an answer from him.

Derived terms

• as féin (“alone”)

Adverb

as

1. off (in or into a state of non-operation or non-existence: of a machine, light, etc.)

   Cas as an raidió.

   Turn off the radio.

   Chuir mé an solas as.

   I switched the light off.

2. out (in or into a state of non-operation or non-existence: of a fire, etc.)

   Tá an tine as.

   The fire is out.

Derived terms

• cas as (“turn off”)
• cuir as (“switch off”)

Etymology 3

From Old Irish as (“shoe, slipper”).

Noun

as m (genitive singular asa, nominative plural asa)

1. (literary) shoe

Declension

Declension of as (irregular)

bare forms singular plural nominative as asa vocative a as a asa genitive asa as dative as asa forms with the definite article singular plural nominative an t-as na hasa genitive an asa na n-as dative leis an as don as leis na hasa

Etymology 4

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

as m (genitive singular asa)

1. (literary) milk

Declension

Declension of as (third declension, no plural)

bare forms singular nominative as vocative a as genitive asa dative as forms with the definite article singular nominative an t-as genitive an asa dative leis an as don as

Mutation

Mutated forms of as

radical	eclipsis	with h-prothesis	with t-prothesis
as	n-as	has	t-as

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977), “as”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla [Irish–English Dictionary], Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “as (‘milk’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• “as”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013–2026

Latgalian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈas]
• Hyphenation: as

Pronoun

as

1. archaic form of es

References

• Nicole Nau (2011), A short grammar of Latgalian, München: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 35

Latin

Alternative forms

• assis
• 𐆚 (symbol)

Etymology

Probably borrowed from Etruscan: compare lībra and nummus, also loanwords. Original meaning was 'a rectangular bronze plaque weighing a pound'.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈas]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈas]
• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈas.s] (before a vowel)
• Note: the word is singularly and unreliably attested in poetry, but together with its derivatives usually measures long. It's more likely that it retained the geminate consonant before a vowel than that the vowel itself was lengthened. Most recent dictionaries give it as short, but EDL and certain other etymologists as long; compare far.

Noun

as m (genitive assis); third declension

1. (numismatics, historical) as, a Roman coin originally made of a Roman pound of bronze but later minted from 2, 1, and finally ½ Roman ounces of copper
2. (figurative) penny, copper, any similarly low-value coin
   • c. 84 BCE – 54 BCE, Catullus, Carmina 5.1–3:

     Vivamus, mea Lesbia, atque amemus,
     rumoresque senum severiorum
     omnes unius aestimemus assis.

     Let us live, my Lesbia, and love, and account all the rumours of very grave old men as worth a single penny.

3. synonym of libra, Roman pound, a unit of weight
4. unit, any undivided unit of measurement
5. (with ex) estate, an undivided piece of property
6. (figurative) disc, any circular object
   1. (poetic) synonym of luna, moon
   2. circular flap, circular valve
7. (figurative) slice, a piece of a circular object

Usage notes

It is especially significant as being the coin of least value in the Classical age. As such, it was often used in poetry as representative of the idea of worthlessness. This is seen in examples such as Catullus 5, where the poet mentions "valuing the opinions of old men at a single as", or Martial's Epigram 103, where he mocks "asse cicer tepidum constant et asse Venus", meaning "you pay an as for warm pea soup, and an as for sex".

Declension

• The genitive plural is normally assium, but assum is found in Varro.

Third-declension noun (i-stem).

	singular	plural
nominative	as	assēs
genitive	assis	assium assum
dative	assī	assibus
accusative	assem	assēs assīs
ablative	asse	assibus
vocative	as	assēs

Coordinate terms

• (currency): sextans (1/6 as), sesterce (2½ asses)

Derived terms

• sēmis
• bes, des
• tressis
• nōnussis
• decussis

Descendants

• Catalan: as
• Old French: as
  • Middle French: as
    • French: as (see there for further descendants)
  • → Middle Dutch: aes
    • Dutch: aas
      • Afrikaans: aas
  • → Middle English: as
    • English: ace (see there for further descendants)
    • Scots: ace
• Italian: asso, asse
• Portuguese: ás, asse
• Romagnol: as
• Sicilian: asu
• Spanish: as
• → English: as
• → Old High German: essi
  • Middle High German: esse
    • German: Esz, esz, Äß, Äss (obsolete since the 18th century; replaced by As)
    • Luxembourgish: Äss
    • → Czech: eso
• → Polish: as

References

• “as” on page 196 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (2nd ed., 2012)
• “as” in volume 2, column 744, in the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae (TLL Open Access), Berlin (formerly Leipzig): De Gruyter (formerly Teubner), 1900–present
• De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “ās”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

Further reading

• as in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• as in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• "as", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• “as”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• as in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
• as in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin

Malay

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic آس (ʔās)

Noun

as (Jawi spelling اس, uncountable)

1. myrtle

   Synonym: murad

Sources

• Pijnappel, Jan (1875), “اس as”, in Maleisch-Hollandsch woordenboek (in Dutch), Haarlem; Amsterdam: John Enschede en Zonen; Frederik Muller, page 7
• Wilkinson, R. J. (1901-1903), “اس as”, in A Malay-English dictionary, Singapore; Hong Kong; Shanghai; Yokohama: Kelly & Walsh Ltd., page 13
• Wilkinson, Richard James (1932), “as”, in A Malay-English dictionary (romanised), volume I, Mytilene, Greece: Salavopoulos & Kinderlis, page 47

Manx

Etymology

From Old Irish ocus (“and", originally "proximity”), from Proto-Celtic *adgostus (“near”).

Conjunction

as

1. and

References

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “2 ocus”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Middle English

Etymology 1

Reduction of alswo, alswa, also, from Old English eallswā. The reduced form is more common in this sense from c. 1200.

Alternative forms

• ase, os

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /as/

Conjunction

as

1. as

Descendants

• English: as
• Scots: as
• Yola: az, as

References

• “as, conj.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Etymology 2

From Old French as (“ace”), from Latin as, assis (“as (Roman coin)”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /aːs/

Noun

as

1. (dice games) ace (single spot on a die)
2. (dice games) The lowest possible throw in dice.
3. (figuratively, by extension) bad luck

Descendants

• English: ace (see there for further descendants)
• → Middle Welsh: as
  • Welsh: as
• Scots: ace

References

• “ās, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Etymology 3

Noun

as

1. (Northern or Late Middle English) alternative form of asse

Middle High German

Etymology

From Old High German ās, from Proto-West Germanic *ās, from Proto-Germanic *ēsą (“food, carrion, prey, bait”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (before 13^th CE) /ˈaːs̠/

Noun

ās n (genitive singular āses, plural ās)

1. flesh or meat, flesh or meat from a corpse, carrion
2. parchment
3. a curseword

Declension

Declension of ās (strong neuter with null plural)

	singular			plural
	indef.	def.	noun	def.	noun
nominative	ein	daȥ	ās	diu	ās
genitive	eines	dës	āses	dër	āse
dative	eime	dëm	āse	dën	āsen
accusative	ein	daȥ	ās	diu	ās

Descendants

• German: Aas (merged with the descendant of Middle High German āȥ)

Movima

Verb

as

1. to sit

Further reading

• http://webdoc.ubn.ru.nl/mono/h/haude_k/gramofmo.pdf
• https://web.archive.org/web/20170516185108/http://www.ioling.org/booklets/iol-2007-indiv-prob.en.pdf

Navajo

Alternative forms

• is

Interjection

as

1. oh: expressing surprise

Norman

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

as m (plural as)

1. (Jersey, card games) ace

Etymology 2

Verb

as

1. (Guernsey) second-person singular present indicative of aver

North Frisian

Verb

as

1. third-person singular present of wees(e)

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From asa (“to swell”) and asa (“to struggle”).

Noun

as n (definite singular aset, indefinite plural as, definite plural asa)

1. fermentation
2. unrest, noice

Verb

as

1. imperative of asa

References

• “as” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Occitan

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /as/

• Audio (Béarn):

  (file)

Verb

as

1. second-person singular present indicative of aver

Old Dutch

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *ās, from Proto-Germanic *ēsą.

Noun

ās n

1. carrion

Declension

Declension of ās (neuter a-stem noun)

case	singular	plural
nominative	ās	ās
accusative	ās	ās
genitive	āses	āso
dative	āse	āson

Descendants

• Middle Dutch: âes
  • Dutch: aas, (obsolete) aes
    • Afrikaans: aas
    • Berbice Creole Dutch: asi
    • Negerhollands: aes
    • → Papiamentu: as, aas, haas
    • → West Frisian: aas
  • Limburgish: aos

References

• “ās”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012

Old French

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

as oblique singular, m (oblique plural as, nominative singular as, nominative plural as)

1. a score of one on a die

Descendants

• Middle French: as
  • French: as (see there for further descendants)
• → Middle Dutch: aes
  • Dutch: aas
    • Afrikaans: aas
• → Middle English: as
  • English: ace (see there for further descendants)
  • Scots: ace

Etymology 2

Contraction

as

1. alternative form of als ("to the")

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

as

1. second-person singular present indicative of avoir

Old Irish

Etymology 1

Verb

as (triggers lenition in a direct relative clause and eclipsis in an indirect relative clause)

1. third-person singular present indicative relative of is

Usage notes

Like modern Irish is, this form can be used with the comparative degree of an adjective to form a predicative construction where English would use an attributive construction:

• c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 10^c21

  Ba torad sa⟨í⟩thir dúun in chrud so ce du·melmis cech túari et ce du·gnemmis a ndu·gníat ar céli, act ní bad nertad na mbráithre et frescsiu fochricce as móo.

  It would be a fruit of labor for us in this way if we consumed every food and if we did what our fellows do, but it would not be a strengthening of the brothers and a hope of a greater reward.

  (literally, “…of a reward that is greater”)

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

• ass, es

Pronoun

as

1. third-person singular masculine of a (“out of”)

Etymology 3

Alternative forms

• ass

Noun

as n (genitive ais)

1. milk
   • c. 775, “Táin Bó Fraích”, in Book of Leinster; republished as Ernst Windisch, editor, Táin bó Fraích, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1974, line 164:

     dí laulgaich deec ó mmeltar ól n-aiss ó cech áe

     twelve milk-cows, so that drinks of milk are milked from each of them

Inflection

Neuter o-stem

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	asN	asN	asL, asa
vocative	asN	asN	asL, asa
accusative	asN	asN	asL, asa
genitive	aisL	as	asN
dative	asL	asaib	asaib

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

• ^H = triggers aspiration
• ^L = triggers lenition
• ^N = triggers nasalization

Mutation

Mutation of as

radical	lenition	nasalization
as (pronounced with /h/ in h-prothesis environments)	as	n-as

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 as”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Old Prussian

Alternative forms

• es

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ēź-. Cognate with Lithuanian aš, Latvian es, Bulgarian аз (az).

Pronoun

as

1. I, the first-person singular pronoun

Inflection

Brackets contain all attested alternative spellings/forms of the words.

	Sg.	Pl.
Nom.	as (es)	mes
Acc.	mien	mans
Dat.	mennei, maim (māim)	noūmans (nūmans, nūmas, naūmans, numons, noūmas)
Gen.	maisei	noūson (nusun, nuson, nusen, naussen, nōson, noūsan, noūsen, nouson)

References

• Mažiulis, Vytautas (1988–1997), “as”, in Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas [Etymological Dictionary of Old Prussian]‎^[4] (in Lithuanian), Vilnius
• Derksen, Rick (2015), Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

Further reading

• G. H. F. Nesselmann (1873), “as”, in Thesaurus linguae prussicae. Der preussische Vocabelvorrath [...] (in German), Berlin: Ferd. Dümmlers Verlagsbuchhandlung; Harrwitz & Gossmann, page 9
• W. R. Schmalstieg (1971) “New Look at the Old Prussian Pronoun”, in Baltistica VII(2), Vilnius: Vilniau Universitetas

Old Saxon

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *ansuz (“god, deity”).

Noun

ās m (declension unknown)

1. god
2. the runic character ᚨ (/a/ or /aː/)

Pennsylvania German

Etymology

Compare German als, Dutch als, English as.

Conjunction

as

1. as

   As ich des Poscht schreib...

   As I write this post...

2. than
3. but

Pronoun

as

1. (relative) which
2. (relative) who

   Leit as nix zu duh hen

   People who have nothing to do

Polish

Etymology

Borrowed from French as.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈas/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -as
• Syllabification: as
• Homophone: -as

Noun

as m animal (diminutive asik)

1. (card games) ace

   Synonym: (archaic) tuz

2. (tennis) ace (a serve won without the opponent hitting the ball)

Declension

Declension of as

	singular	plural
nominative	as	asy
genitive	asa	asów
dative	asowi	asom
accusative	asa	asy
instrumental	asem	asami
locative	asie	asach
vocative	asie	asy

Noun

as m pers

1. ace (someone skilled in a certain field)

Declension

Declension of as

	singular	plural
nominative	as	asy
genitive	asa	asów
dative	asowi	asom
accusative	asa	asów
instrumental	asem	asami
locative	asie	asach
vocative	asie	asy

Derived terms

adjective

• asowy

nouns

• as atutowy
• as w rękawie

verbs

• wyciągać asa z rękawa
• wyciągnąć asa z rękawa

Further reading

• “as”, in Wielki słownik języka polskiego‎^[5] (in Polish), Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• “as”, in Polish dictionaries at PWN‎^[6] (in Polish)

Portuguese

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese as, from Latin illās (with an initial l having disappeared; compare Spanish las).

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /as/

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /as/
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /aʃ/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ɐʃ/

• Audio (Brazil (São Paulo)):

  (file)

• Audio (Portugal (Porto)):

  (file)

• Homophones: ás (Brazil), às (Brazil), hás (Brazil), az (Brazil)
• Hyphenation: as

Article

as f pl

2. feminine plural of o
   • 2001, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e o Cálice de Fogo [Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire] (Harry Potter; 4), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 99:

     Todos olharam para trás ao alcançarem as árvores.

     Everyone looked behind when they reached the trees.

   • 2007, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e as Relíquias da Morte [Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows] (Harry Potter; 7), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 211:

     Mandaram lacrar todas as saídas e não deixar ninguém...

     They ordered me to seal all the exits and not to let anyone...

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:o.

See also

Portuguese articles

	singular		plural
	masculine	feminine	masculine	feminine
definite article (the)	o	a	os	as
indefinite article (a, an; some)	um	uma	uns	umas

Pronoun

as f pl

2. (third person personal) them (as a direct object; the corresponding indirect object is lhes; the form used after prepositions is elas)

   Synonyms: las, nas

   Encontrei-as na rua. ― I met them in the street.

Usage notes

• as becomes -las after verb forms ending in -r, -s, or -z, the pronouns nos and vos, and the adverb eis; the ending letter causing the change disappears.

  After ver: Posso vê-las? ― May I see them?

  After pôr: Quero pô-las ali. ― I want to put them there.

  After fiz: Fi-las ficar contente. ― I made them become happy.

  After nos: Deu-no-las relutantemente. ― He gave them to us reluctantly.

  After eis: Ei-las! ― Behold them!

• Becomes -nas after a nasal diphthong: -ão, -am [ɐ̃w̃], -õe [õj̃], -em, -êm [ẽj̃].

  Detêm-nas como prisioneiros. ― They detain them as prisoners.

• In Brazil it is being abandoned in favor of the nominative form elas.

  Eu as vi. → Eu vi elas. = "I saw them.

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:as.

See also

Portuguese personal pronouns

number	person		nominative (subject)	accusative (direct object)	dative (indirect object)	prepositional	prepositional with com	non-declining
singular	first		eu	me		mim	comigo	—
	second		tu	te		ti	contigo	você o senhor m a senhora f
	third	m	ele	o (lo, no)	lhe	ele	com ele	o mesmo
		f	ela	a (la, na)		ela	com ela	a mesma
plural	first		nós	nos		nós	connosco (Portugal) conosco (Brazil)	a gente
	second		vós	vos		vós	convosco com vós	vocês os senhores m as senhoras f
	third	m	eles	os (los, nos)	lhes	eles	com eles	os mesmos
		f	elas	as (las, nas)		elas	com elas	as mesmas
reflexive third / indefinite			—	se		si	consigo	o mesmo etc. (reflexive)

Noun

as m

1. plural of a

Romagnol

Etymology

From Latin asse(m) (“a penny”), accusative of Latin as (“a penny”).

Pronunciation

• (Central Romagnol) IPA^(key): [ˈaɐ̯s]
  • (Ville Unite):

Noun

as m (plural ës)

1. ace
2. champion

   L’è un as!

   He's a champion!

Noun

as m (plural ës)

1. axis

   L’as dla tëra.

   The axis of the Earth.

Pronoun

as

1. same use as a+s, and it's the reflexive pronoun of 1^st singular and plural persons and of 2^nd person

   As fașén la ca.

   We build the house (to us).

References

• Masotti, Adelmo (1996), Vocabolario Romagnolo Italiano [Romagnol-Italian dictionary] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, page 40

Romanian

Etymology

From French as or Italian asso.

Noun

as m (plural ași)

1. ace

Declension

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative-accusative	as	asul	ași	așii
genitive-dative	as	asului	ași	așilor
vocative	asule		așilor

Rotuman

Noun

as

1. construct state of asa

Saterland Frisian

Etymology

From Old Frisian as, ase, asa, als, alse, alsa, equivalent to al +‎ so. More at as.

Adverb

as

1. as

Conjunction

as

1. as

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology 1

Particle

as

1. Creates the superlative when preceding the comparative form of an adjective or an adverb.

   glic (“wise”) → as glice (“wisest”)

   mòr (“big”) → as motha (“biggest”)

Usage notes

• Only used in the present and future tenses. In the past tense and the conditional mood, a bu and a b' are used.
• Lenites initial f if followed by a vowel:

  fuar → as fhuaire

Related terms

• nas

Etymology 2

Verb

as

1. Combination of the relative particle a with the copula is.

   dè as ciall dha? ― what does it mean?

Usage notes

• Typical of higher register language.

Semai

Etymology

From Proto-Semai *ʔɑs, from Proto-Aslian [Term?], from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ʔas ~ *ʔəs (“to swell”). Cognate with Koho as, Khasi at, Pacoh ayh, Riang ʔas¹.

Adjective

as

1. swollen

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Borrowed from German As, from Latin as (“as, copper coin”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /âs/

Noun

ȁs m inan or m anim (Cyrillic spelling а̏с)

1. (card games, inanimate) ace
2. (animate) ace (one who is the best or most famous in a specified field)
3. (tennis, inanimate) ace
4. (golf, inanimate) ace, hole in one
5. (numismatics, inanimate) as (ancient Roman coin)

Declension

inanimate

Declension of as

	singular	plural
nominative	as	asovi
genitive	asa	asova
dative	asu	asovima
accusative	as	asove
vocative	asu	asovi
locative	asu	asovima
instrumental	asom	asovima

animate

Declension of as

	singular	plural
nominative	as	asovi
genitive	asa	asova
dative	asu	asovima
accusative	asa	asove
vocative	asu	asovi
locative	asu	asovima
instrumental	asom	asovima

See also

Playing cards in Serbo-Croatian · igraće karte (layout · text)
as, kec	dvojka, dvica	trojka, trica	četvorka, četvrtica	petica	šestica	sedmica
osmica	devetka, devetica	desetka, desetica	dečko, pub, žandar, fant	kraljica, dama	kralj	džoker

Slovak

Adverb

as

1. (poetic) approximately

   Synonym: asi

Further reading

• “as”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2026

Slovene

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /áːs/

Noun

ȃs m anim

1. (card games) An ace; in a game of cards.
2. An ace; somebody very proficient at an activity.

Declension

The diacritics used in this section of the entry are non-tonal. If you are a native tonal speaker, please help by adding the tonal marks.

Masculine anim., hard o-stem
nom. sing.	ás
gen. sing.	ása
	singular	dual	plural
nominative (imenovȃlnik)	ás	ása	ási
genitive (rodȋlnik)	ása	ásov	ásov
dative (dajȃlnik)	ásu	ásoma	ásom
accusative (tožȋlnik)	ása	ása	áse
locative (mẹ̑stnik)	ásu	ásih	ásih
instrumental (orọ̑dnik)	ásom	ásoma	ási

Spanish

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin ās.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈas/ [ˈas]
• Rhymes: -as
• Syllabification: as
• Homophones: has, (Latin America) haz

Noun

as m (plural ases)

1. (card games) an ace (in a game of cards)
2. an ace, a hotshot (somebody very proficient at an activity)
3. an as (a Roman coin)

Derived terms

• as bajo la manga
• as de guía

Further reading

• “as”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8.1, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 15 December 2025

Sudovian

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ēź-, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵ(h₂). Compare Lithuanian àš (archaic eš), Latvian es, Old Prussian as, es.

Pronoun

aſ

1. (first-person singular) I
   • 1985 [1984], Pogańske gwary z Narewu [Pagan dialects from Narew], sourced from copy by V. Zinow, line 1:

     ja — aſ

     I

   • 1985 [1984], Pogańske gwary z Narewu [Pagan dialects from Narew], sourced from copy by V. Zinow, line 144:

     ja estem — aſ irm

     I am

Swedish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɑːs/
• Rhymes: -ɑːs

Etymology 1

From Middle Low German âs. Cf. German Aas, Dutch aas.

Noun

as n

1. Carrion, carcass (of an animal killed by a predator).
2. (colloquial, derogatory) an asshole, ass (inconsiderate or otherwise contemptible person)

   Dra åt helvete ditt jävla as!

   Go to hell, you fucking asshole!

Declension

Declension of as

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	as	as
	definite	aset	asets
plural	indefinite	as	as
	definite	asen	asens

Derived terms

• asätare

See also

• kadaver
• lik

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Icelandic ás. If inherited from Old Norse, it would have the form ås.

Noun

as c (feminine: asynja)

2. one of the gods from Old Norse religion, in particular one of the Æsir

   Hypernym: asagud

Declension

Declension of as

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	as	as
	definite	asen	asens
plural	indefinite	asar	asars
	definite	asarna	asarnas

See also

• as-

References

• “as”, in Svensk ordbok [Dictionary of Swedish] (in Swedish)
• “as”, in Svenska Akademiens ordlista [Wordlist of the Swedish Academy] (in Swedish)
• “as”, in Svenska Akademiens ordbok [Dictionary of the Swedish Academy] (in Swedish)

Anagrams

• sa

Tarifit

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Berber.

Pronunciation

• (Nador) IPA^(key): [ɛs]
• Syllabification: as
• Rhymes: -ɛs

Verb

as (verbal noun twasit or tiwsi or timecta, Tifinagh spelling ⴰⵙ) (intransitive)

1. to come
2. to be upcoming, to be next

   Synonym: uyur

   sseft i d-yusin ― next Saturday

3. to suit, to go with [with ak]

   Yettas-d akid-es. ― It suits him.

Usage notes

This verb is always used with the proximity particle d.

Conjugation

Conjugation of as

aorist perfective negative perfective imperfective negative imperfective participle yasen yusen yusin yettasen yettisen singular plural 1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person aorist m aseɣ tased yas nas tasem asen f tas tasent asent perfective m useɣ tused yus nus tusem usen f tus tusent usent negative perfective m usiɣ tusid yusi nusi tusim usin f tusi tusint usint imperfective m ttaseɣ tettased yettas nettas tettasem ttasen f tettas tettasent ttasent negative imperfective m ttiseɣ tettised yettis nettis tettisem ttisen f tettis tettisent ttisent aorist imperative m as asem, aset f asent imperfective imperative m ttas ttasem, ttaset f ttasent injunctive m naset f nasent

References

• Serhoual (2002)
• Abarrou (2024)

Tok Pisin

Etymology

From English arse.

Noun

as

1. buttocks, backside
2. bottom, base
3. reason, meaning, motivation
4. beginning, source

Derived terms

• as bilong trabel
• as nating
• asbin
• asples
• astingting
• astok

References

• Volker, C. A. (general editor), et al. (2008), Papua New Guinea Tok Pisin English Dictionary, Oxford University Press in association with Wantok Niuspepa, →ISBN, page 4

Turkish

Etymology 1

From Ottoman Turkish آس (as), from Proto-Turkic *argun, *āŕ.

Noun

as (definite accusative ası, plural aslar)

1. ermine

   Synonyms: kakım, ermin

2. (dialectal) weasel

Etymology 2

Borrowed from French as. Note that in Ottoman Turkish until its end – though it be that playing cards had been introduced in Turkey by Europeans and French in particular – the card was called بك (bey). Apparently this usage switch is a function of the Law on the Abolishment of Nicknames and Titles from the 26th of November 1934 (Lâkap ve Unvanların Kaldırılması Hakkındaki Kanun).

Noun

as (definite accusative ası, plural aslar)

1. (card games) ace

Coordinate terms

Playing cards in Turkish · iskambil (layout · text)
as, birli	ikili	üçlü	dörtlü	beşli	altılı	yedili
sekizli	dokuzlu	onlu	bacak, oğlan, vale, fanti	kız	papaz, rua	joker

Etymology 3

Verb

as

1. second-person singular imperative of asmak

Volapük

Preposition

as (ays, äs)

1. as

Wagi

Noun

as

1. woman

Further reading

• J. Spencer, S. van Cott, B. MacKenzie, G. Muñoz, A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Wagi [fad] Language

Welsh

Etymology

Inherited from Middle Welsh as, from Middle English as (“ace”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /aːs/

Noun

as f (plural asau)

1. (card games) ace

Mutation

Mutated forms of as

radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
as	unchanged	unchanged	has

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• D. G. Lewis, N. Lewis, editors (2005–present), “as”, in Gweiadur: the Welsh–English Dictionary, Gwerin
• R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke, et al., editors (1950–present), “as”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

West Frisian

Etymology 1

From Old Frisian as, ase, asa, als, alse, alsa, equivalent to al +‎ so. More at as.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɔs/, /as/

Conjunction

as

1. if, provided that
2. as, like (used to form an equating phrase)

   Grut as in hûs. ― Big as a house.

3. than

   Grutter as in hûs. ― Bigger than a house.

Further reading

• “as (II)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011

Etymology 2

From Old Frisian *ax, from Proto-Germanic *ahsō.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɔs/

Noun

as c (plural assen, diminutive aske)

1. axis
2. axle (of a car)

Further reading

• “as (I)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011

Wolof

Article

as

1. a small (singular diminutive indefinite article)

Usage notes

Precedes the noun.

Yola

Etymology 1

Verb

as

1. alternative form of waas
   • 1867, “GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY“, page 26:

     Ich as greatly blin.

     I was greatly mistaken.

Etymology 2

Adverb

as

1. alternative form of az
   • 1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 14, page 90:

     Shoo ya aam zim to doone, as w' be doone nowe;

     She gave them some to do, as we are doing now;

   • 1867, “CASTEALE CUDDE'S LAMENTATION”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2, page 102:

     As ich waant draugh Bloomere's Knough,

     As I went through Bloomer's Knock,

   • 1867, “CASTEALE CUDDE'S LAMENTATION”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2, page 102:

     Which maate mee hearth as coale as leed.

     Which made my heart as cold as lead.

References

• Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828), William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 26, &c.