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A New Glyptodont (Xenarthra: Cingulata) from the Late Miocene of Argentina: New Clues About the Oldest Extra-Patagonian Radiation in Southern South America

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Abstract

Glyptodonts (Xenarthra, Cingulata) are one of the most amazing Cenozoic South American mammals, with some terminal forms reaching ca. two tons. The Paleogene record of glyptodonts is still poorly known, although some of their diversification is observable in Patagonian Argentina. Since the early and middle Miocene (ca. 19–13 Ma), two large clades can be recognized in South America. One probably has a northern origin (Glyptodontinae), while the other one, called the “austral clade”, is interpreted to have had an austral origin, with the oldest records represented by the “Propalaehoplophorinae” from the late early Miocene of Patagonian Argentina. In this scenario, the extra-Patagonian radiations are still poorly known, despite their importance for understanding the late Miocene and Pliocene diversity. Here, we carry out a comprehensive revision of late Miocene (Chasicoan Stage/Age) glyptodonts of central Argentina (Buenos Aires and San Juan provinces). Our results show that, contrary to what is traditionally assumed, it was a period of very low diversity, with only one species recognized in this region, Kelenkura castroi gen et sp. nov. Our phylogenetic analysis shows that this species represents the sister taxon of the remaining species of the “austral clade”, representing the first branch of the extra-Patagonian radiation. Additionally, K. castroi is the first taxon showing a “fully modern” morphology of the caudal tube.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank R. Martínez (Instituto y Museo de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de San Juan), R. Caputo (Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales “Carlos Darwin”, Punta Alta), N. Sánchez (Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales “Vicente Di Martino”, Monte Hermoso), and M. Reguero (Museo de La Plata, La Plata) for granting access to the materials under their care. Reconstruction of late Miocene environment and fauna from the Arroyo Chasicó site was made by Pedro Cuaranta. R. Mauriño helped with figure design and editing. Thanks are also extended to the editor (J. Tejada) and two anonymous reviewers, whose comments and suggestions greatly improved this paper.

Funding

This research was partially funded by PICT 0765/17, PI Q002/17, G13 Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, and PGI 24 H/154 Secretaría de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional del Sur.

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  1. Laboratorio de Evolución de Vertebrados y Ambientes Cenozoicos, Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral (UNNE-CONICET) y Cátedra de Paleontología de Vertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, RP5 3400, Corrientes, Argentina

    Daniel Barasoain, Alfredo E. Zurita & Ángel R. Miño-Boilini

  2. Department of Anatomy, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106-4930, USA

    Darin A. Croft

  3. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Avenida Uruguay 151, 6300, Santa Rosa, Argentina

    Claudia I. Montalvo

  4. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Instituto de Geología Dr. Emiliano P. Aparicio, Departamentos Geología y Biología, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Avenida Ignacio de La Rosa y Calle Meglioli, Rivadavia, 5400, San Juan, Argentina

    Víctor H. Contreras

  5. INGEOSUR, Departamento de Geología, Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, Avenida Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina

    Rodrigo L. Tomassini

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  1. Daniel Barasoain
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Correspondence to Daniel Barasoain.

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DAC is editor-in-chief of the Journal of Mammalian Evolution but was not involved in the evaluation of this manuscript.

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Barasoain, D., Zurita, A.E., Croft, D.A. et al. A New Glyptodont (Xenarthra: Cingulata) from the Late Miocene of Argentina: New Clues About the Oldest Extra-Patagonian Radiation in Southern South America. J Mammal Evol 29, 263–282 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-021-09599-w

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