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Tabkin Chadi

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Tabkin Chadi
BERJAYA
General information
Height above mean sea level (en) Fassara 100 m
Yawan fili 1,540 km²
Vertical depth (en) Fassara 10.5 m
Volume (en) Fassara 6.3 km³
Labarin ƙasa
Map
Tsarin Daidaiton Labarin Kasa 13°05′52″N 14°32′02″E / 13.09788625°N 14.53380744°E / 13.09788625; 14.53380744
Kasa Cadi, Kameru, Najeriya da Nijar
Territory Far North (en) Fassara
Hydrography (en) Fassara
Inflow (en) Fassara
Watershed area (en) Fassara 2,381,635 km²
Ruwan ruwa Yankin Chadi
BERJAYA
Tafkin
BERJAYA
Hoton tabkin chadi daga sararin samaniya a 1968
BERJAYA
Tafkin
BERJAYA
tafkin cadi

Tabkin Cadi ko Chadi wani babban tabki ne dake a inda ake kira a yanzu da sunansa wato yankin tabkin chadi, wannan tabki yana a arewa maso gabashin kasar Nijeriya ne tsakanin jihar Borno, Kasar chadi, kasar Kamaru da kasar Nijar,[1][2] kuma tabkin ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga alumman dake wannan kasashen da su ke kewaye da tafkin, a inda yake samar da ruwan amfani ga mutane sama da miliyan 30.[3][4][5]

Kimanin girman kasan da tabkin keda shi yakai: 1,350 km2 (520 sq mi) a shekara ta 2005 Zurfin tabkin yafara daga: 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) zuwa matsanancin zurfin dayakai 11 m (36 ft) sannan tsawon gabar tabkin yakai 650 km (400 mi).[6]

Tabkin Chadi yana raguwa sosai sakamakon sauyin yanayi. A shekarar 1963, Da suka gabat girman tabkin ya kai kilomita murabba'i 25,000. A yau ya ragu zuwa ƙasa da kilomita murabba'i 1,500. Wannan raguwa ta shafar rayuwar manoma da makiyaya sama da miliyan 30 da ke dogara da tabkin domin ruwa da abinci. Gwamnatocin Najeriya, Nijar, Kamaru da Cadi na hadin gwiwa domin kiyaye tabkin ta hanyar Hukumar Tafkin Chadi (LCBC).

Kafin tarihin da

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File:Megatschad GIS.PNG|thumb|275px|Tafkin Chadi a lokacin damina na Afirka (shuɗi) da kuma a karni na 20 (kore mai duhu da shuɗi ya kewaye shi)|left An kafa kwaron Chadi ne ta hanyar baƙar garkuwar Afirka.[3][4][7] Filin kwaron an yi shi ne da dutsen Precambrian wanda ya kasance daidai da mita 3600 na lissafin ajiya.[8] Ga mafi yawancin lokacin Quaternary, kwaron yana da wadatattun hanyoyin ruwa. Zuwa ƙarshen wannan lokacin, yanayi ya zama mai bushewa. Kimanin shekaru 20,000–40,000 da suka gabata, tuddan yashi na eolianite suka fara samuwa a arewacin kwaron.[9] Yankin Tafkin Chadi ya fuskanci lokuta huɗu na habaka tsakanin shekarar 39,000 BC da 300 BC, wanda ya bar gishirin diatomaceous earth da lacustrine deposits a cikin ƙasa. Wannan shi ne abin da ake kira Mega-Chadi. Zurfin Mega-Chadi ya wuce mita 180 kuma ya mamaye yanki kusan murabba'in kilomita 400,000,[3] ya kwarara zuwa Kogin Benuwai ta hanyar Mayo Kébbi, wanda ke gudanarwa zuwa Tekun Atlantika ta hanyar Kogin Neja.[10][11] Fasalin ruwan da ya kafu a lokacin damina na Afirka ya samar da yanayi na bullar mazaunan masunta a gabar tafkin, kuma rukunin kabilun Nilo-Saharan su ma sun yi hijira zuwa Tafkin Chadi a wannan lokacin. Haka kuma harkar noma ta bullo a yankin Sahel a wannan lokacin.[12] Kafin shekara ta 1800 BC, wata al'adar yin tukwane da aka sani da Gajiganna ta bullo, da fari a matsayin makiyaya, amma, tun daga kusan shekara ta 1500 BC, sun fara zama a kauyuka a gefen tafkin.[13] Binciken kayan tarihi ya gano ciyayi na daji, galibi na rukunin Paniceae, da shinkafar daji tare da gero na farko da aka yi kiwonsa a yankin Tafkin Chadi, tun daga shekarar 1200–1000 cal BC. An gano ɗayan tsofaffin gero da aka noma a Yammacin Afirka a kwaron Chadi, wanda ya kone tare da ciyayin daji, kuma ana iya gano zamaninsu tun shekaru 800–1000 cal BC.[14] An kafa kauyuka na dindindin a kudancin tafkin kafin shekara ta 500 BC,[15] kuma manyan binciken kayan tarihi sun haɗa da wayewar Sao.[3]A cewar bayanan Claudius Ptolemy a tsakiyar ƙarni na 2 AD, Romawa na ƙarni na 1 AD sun riga sun sadu da Tafkin Chadi ta hanyar alaƙarsu da Tunisiya, Tripolitania, da Fezzan.[16] Zuwa ƙarni na 5 AD, ana amfani da rakumma don kasuwancin sahara ta hanyar Fezzan, ko kuma zuwa gabas ta hanyar Darfur.[17] Bayan Larabawa sun mamaye Arewacin Afirka a lokacin ƙarni na 7 da na 8, kwaron Chadi ya ƙara kasancewa da alaƙa da ƙasashen musulmi.[15] Kasuwanci da ingantattun dabarun noma sun ba da damar samar da al'ummomi masu ci gaba.[17] Kusan shekara ta 900 da mutanen Kanem waɗanda ke magana da harshen Kanuri sun haɗa kabilun makiyaya da yawa kuma suka kafa Daular Kanem a arewa maso gabashin Tafkin Chadi. A farkon kafa ƙasar, mutanen Kanem sun ci gaba da rayuwar makiyaya har zuwa ƙarni na 11, lokacin da suka karbi Musulunci kuma suka zauna a Njimi. Ta hanyar kasuwancin sahara, ikon Daular Kanem ya kai kololuwa a ƙarni na 13, amma yayin da daular ta raunana a ƙarni na 14, jihar da ke ƙarƙashinta ta kudu maso yamma wato Daular Bornu ta fara tashi, wanda ya haifar da cibiyar ikon daular ta koma Bornu kusan shekara ta 1400. A shekarar 1574 Daular Usmaniyya (Ottoman) ta mamaye Fezzan da Oasis,[18] har ma ta isa Tafkin Chadi. Wannan shi ne hari mafi zurfi da Usmaniyya suka kai cikin tsakiyar Afirka kafin ƙarni na sha tara. Daular Usmaniyya ta faɗaɗa tasirinta a tsakiyar yankin Sahel a lokacin mulkin Murad III, kuma Tafkin Chadi ya zama wani ɓangare na tasirin Usmaniyya,[19] kuma a rabi na biyu na ƙarni na 16, Daular Bornu ta fara shigo da makamai daga Daular Usmaniyya, wanda ya ƙarfafa ikon sojan ta. Daular Bornu ta raunana a ƙarni na 18, kuma daga baya ta rasa yankinta na yamma ga Daular Sokoto a farkon ƙarni na 19. Daga baya turawan mulkin mallaka na Turai suka yi mata mulkin mallaka a ƙarni na 20.[20] Bayan karuwar sha'awar Afirka a tsakanin masana da al'ummomin kasuwanci na Turai, Turawa sun fiffita bayyana yankin Tafkin Chadi sosai a ƙarni na 19. An gudanar da balaguron kimiyya guda uku tsakanin shekarar 1898 da 1909.[3] A lokacin taron Berlin a shekarar 1884-1885, an raba Afirka tsakanin kasashen Turai masu mulkin mallaka. Zuwa shekaru goma na biyu na ƙarni na 20, Biritaniya, Faransa, da Jamus sun yi wa Tafkin Chadi mulkin mallaka tare da mamaye shi, inda suka bayyana iyakokin da mafi yawancinsu ke nan har zuwa yau a ƙasashe bayan mulkin mallaka.[21][22] A farkon samun 'yancin kai, ƙasashen da ke kewaye da Tafkin Chadi ba wai kawai suna da raunin tattalin arziki ba ne, har ma suna da rikice-rikice na kabilanci, addini, da na siyasa masu rikitarwa. Najeriya da Nijar da suka fito sabbin samun 'yancin kai, sun fuskanci juyon mulki akai-akai, yayin da kasar Chadi ita ma ta fuskanci yakin basasa na dindindin. Rashin ikon kasashen da ke da iyaka da tafkin na mayar da hankali ga kare Tafkin Chadi ya haifar da jerin matsalolin muhalli.[22]

Labarin Ƙasa

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BERJAYA
left Kwaron Chadi ya haɗa da Chadi, Najeriya, Kamaru, Nijar, Sudan, da Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya.[23]

Shi ne nau'in kwaron rami na tsarin karayar ƙasa (extensional fault depression rift basin), wanda za a iya raba shi zuwa sassa huɗu na tsari na biyu (secondary structural units): kwararon kudu, kwararon arewa, tuddan tsakiya, da gangaren gabas. Kwararon kudancin kwaron yana da siffar karayar ƙasa mara ma'ana (asymmetric fault depression composite rift) tare da gangara mai tsayi a gabas da kuma gangara mai laushi a yamma a kan bayanan martaba, kuma yana rarrabuwa ta hanyar NNW a sararin samaniya. Akwai manyan karayoyin ƙasa guda biyu na al'ada (normal faults) da suka rarraba a ɓangarorin biyu na kwaron, tare da rami irin na graben da kwararo (depression) a tsakiya. Ɓangarorin gabas da yamma yankuna ne na gangara masu laushi masu fuskantar waje. Karayar iyakar gabas tana da tsayi da kusurwar kusan 55°, yayin da karayar yamma tana da kusurwar kusan 45°. Gabaɗayan kaurin layin ciki a yankin gangara yana da ɗan siriri. A tsakiyar yankin kwaron, kaurin ajiye-ajiye na ƙasa yana da yawa, kuma kaurin tsakiyar yankin ajiyar ya kai sama da mita 10,000.[24]

Tafkin Chadi ya kasu kashi biyu, na arewa da na kudu, ta hanyar wani shinge mai zurfi da ake kira Babban Shinge (Great Barrier), inda kasan kwaron arewa yake a tsayin mita 275.3 sannan kasan kwaron kudu yana mita 278.2. Lokacin da matakin ruwa a kudu ya wuce mita 279 sama da matakin teku, zai kwarara zuwa arewa.[25] A kudu, akwai buɗaɗɗen ruwa mai dorewa a bakin Kogin Chari, kuma ɓangaren yamma na ruwan yana cike da fadama na ciyayi (reed swamps),[26] kuma tuddan yashi waɗanda basu nutse gabaɗaya ba a ruwan gabas suna samar da tarin tsibirai.[7] Matsakaicin zurfin kasan tafkin na kudu yana tsakanin mita .5 zuwa 2, na kasan tafkin arewa yana tsakanin mita 0 zuwa 1.8, kuma na tarin tsibiran gabas yana tsakanin mita 0 zuwa 2.[27]

Yanayin yankin Tafkin Chadi yana samun babban tasiri daga iskar nahiya (continental) da na teku (maritime air masses). Iskar teku tana matsawa zuwa arewa lokacin rani (damina), tana samar da ruwan sama na lokaci-lokaci. A ƙarshen lokacin rani, iskar nahiya tana sake mamayewa.[3] Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a yankin Tafkin Chadi shine milimita 330, tare da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na milimita 560 a gabar kudu da kuma kusan milimita 250 a gabar arewa. Mafi girman zafin jiki a lokacin damina shine 30 °C, kuma mafi girman zafin jiki yana tashi zuwa sama da 32 °C lokacin da Oktoba da Nuwamba suka shiga lokacin rani (fari). Bambancin zafin jiki tsakanin rana da dare ya kusan ninka na lokacin damina, kuma mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki na dare wani lokacin yakan sauka zuwa 8 °C a cikin watannin Disamba da Janairu. Afrilu yawanci shine wata mafi zafi a shekara, inda zafin jiki wani lokacin yakan kai 40 °C, mafi ƙarancin matakan ruwa suna fitowa a watan Yuni zuwa Yuli, kuma mafi girman matakan ruwa a Nuwamba zuwa Disamba, tare da zafin ruwan saman yana tsakanin 19 zuwa 32 °C.[3][7]

Kimiyyar Ruwa (Hydrology)

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BERJAYA
Ragewar Tafkin Chadi a cikin shekaru 7000 da suka gabata, tare da shisshigin iyakar Tsibiran Biritaniya don gwada girmansa
BERJAYA
Tafkin Chadi 1972–2007

Kwaron Chadi ya mamaye yanki kusan kilomita murabba'i miliyan 1, kuma yana samun kwararar ruwa ne daga kogunan Chari, Logone, da Yobe.[7][3] Samar da ruwa ga tafkin na lokaci-lokaci ne. Mafi yawancin ruwan sama yana fitowa ne daga Tsarukan Tuddan Adamawa da ke kudancin kwaron, wanda ake jigilar shi zuwa tafkin ta hanyar Kogin Chari da Kogin Logone. Kogunan guda biyu suna ba da kashi 95% na jimillar kwararar ruwa zuwa Tafkin Chadi, yayin da Kogin Yobe ke ba da ƙasa da kashi 2.5% kawai.[4] Ruwan tafkin yana ratsawa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa zuwa mafi ƙanƙancin maki na Kwaron Chadi, wato Kwaron Bodélé, kimanin kilomita 480 a arewa maso gabashin Tafkin Chadi, inda mafi zurfin wurin yake a tsayin mita 155 kawai sama da matakin teku. Wannan yana kwashe mafi yawancin gishiri kuma yana kiyaye ƙarancin sinadarin gishiri na Tafkin Chadi. Ruwan yammacin kudancin Tafkin Chadi ruwa ne mai daɗi (freshwater), kuma ruwan da ke arewa maso gabas yana da ɗan gishiri kaɗan.[28][4]

Jimillar yawan ruwan mafi yawancin manyan tafuka a Afirka ya dogara ne akan ruwan sama da kuma bafuri (evaporation), wanda ke nufin cewa zafin jiki da ruwan sama suna da matukar muhimmanci wajen daidaita ma'aunin ruwa na waɗannan wurare, kuma kowane irin canji zai iya haifar da gagarumin canji a matakin ruwansu da fadin su.[29] Tafkin Chadi tafki ne na cikin ƙasa mara zurfi, kuma ruwan sama a kwaron Chadi yana da saurin amsa canje-canje kaɗan a gudanarwar iskar sararin samaniya, don haka canjin yanayi yana shafar fadin saman Tafkin Chadi sosai.[30][31] Bushewar yanayi saboda asarar ciyayi daga wuce gona da iri wajen kiwo da sare bishiyoyi da kuma manyan ayyukan fasa kofofin banruwa da suka karkatar da ruwa daga kogunan da ke ciyar da tafkin sune babban dalilin raguwar Tafkin Chadi.[32] Canjin yanayin ruwan teku na Atlantic multidecadal oscillation da kuma tsarin El Niño–Southern Oscillation sun shafi ruwan sama a yankin Sahel. Daga farkon shekarun 1960 zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1980, matakin ruwan tafkin ya ragu da mita 3 idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin matakin daga shekarar 1900 zuwa 2010.[33]

A shekarar 1870, fadin Tafkin Chadi ya kai kusan kilomita murabba'i 28,000. Tafkin ya kasance yana iya kwarara fita daga Bahr el-Ghazal lokacin damina. A farkon ƙarni na 20 fadin Tafkin Chadi ya ragu na ɗan lokaci, kuma ya kai wani sabon matsayi mai tsawo a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20 kuma ya sake ambaliya daga Bahr el-Ghazal.[3] Wani babban fari ya fara a yankin Sahel a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 kuma ya haifar da mummunar barna a shekarar 1972 da 1984. Anyi amanna cewa yana da alaƙa da asarar ciyayi, dumamar yanayi na duniya (global warming), da kuma rashin daidaiton zafin saman teku.[30] A lokacin wannan lokacin, Tafkin Chadi ya ragu sosai kuma ya ci gaba da canzawa a tsakanin kilomita murabba'i 2000 zuwa 5000 bayan haka.[25]

Daga watan Yunin 1966 zuwa Janairun 1973, fadin Tafkin Chadi ya ragu daga kilomita murabba'i 22,772 zuwa 15,400,[32] kuma ya ƙara raguwa zuwa kilomita murabba'i 4398 a shekarar 1975,[25] da kuma kilomita murabba'i 1756 kacal a watan Fabrairun 1994.[32] Tun daga lokacin, fadin Tafkin Chadi ya shiga wani mataki na dorewa tare da ɗan ƙaruwa kaɗan.[34] Daga shekarar 1995 zuwa 1998, ya kasance yana canzawa tsakanin kilomita murabba'i 1200 zuwa 4500. Fadin ya taɓa kai kilomita murabba'i 5075 a shekarar 2000,[25] kuma matsakaicin fadin saman ruwa daga shekarar 2013 zuwa 2016 ya kasance kusan kilomita murabba'i 1876, inda mafi girman fadin ya kasance kilomita murabba'i 2231 a watan Yulin 2015.[35]

Shimfiɗar ruwan ƙasa na Quaternary da juriya

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A ƙarƙashin tafkin akwai buɗaɗɗen shimfiɗar ruwan ƙasa na Quaternary (Quaternary phreatic aquifer), wani babban dabarun ruwa na ketare iyaka da ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita 500,000 a faɗin Chadi, Nijar, Najeriya, da Kamaru.[36] Yayin da tafkin ke rasa kusan milimita 2,200 a kowace shekara na ruwa ta hanyar bafuri (evapotranspiration), binciken kimiyya na isotopic ta amfani da thritium ya nuna cewa tsarin ruwan da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya kasance mai juriya sosai ga canjin yanayi.[36][37]

Wannan shimfiɗar ruwa na Quaternary yana sake cika kansa ta hanyoyi guda biyu na fari: shigar ruwa kai tsaye na manyan ruwan sama na lokaci-lokaci da kuma kwararar ruwa a kaikaice daga tafkin da kansa da kuma hanyoyin kogunsa na ɗan lokaci.[37] Bayanan Isotopic sun nuna cewa mamakon ruwan sama da ya wuce kashi 60 cikin ɗari na tsananin ruwan sama na kowane wata shine ke haifar da mafi yawan sake cika ruwan ƙasa, wanda ke nufin cewa ƙaruwar mamakon ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin dumamar yanayi yana taimakawa wajen sake cika ruwan ƙasa a cikin kwaron.[37] Wannan babban rumbun adana ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana samar da kariya ta zahiri ga tsarin ruwa (hydrological buffer), yana tabbatar da samun ruwa na dindindin don amfanin gundumomi da na harkar noma duk da tsananin sauye-sauyen ruwan saman.[36]

Ilimin Halittu (Ecology)

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File:Kanał doprowadzający do jeziora - Jezioro Czad - 001269s.jpg|thumb|275px|Yankin daji mai ambaliya na Tafkin Chadi Wani ɓangare na Kwaron Chadi yana cikin Gidan Zoo na Ƙasa na Kwaron Chadi (Chad Basin National Park) a Najeriya, kuma ƙasar tare da Kamaru sun kafa Wurin Rausar Ruwa na Ramsar na Tafkin Chadi (Lake Chad Ramsar Wetland) mai fadin gabaɗaya murabba'in kilomita 8225.[38]

Shire-shire (Plantlife)

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Tsire-tsire na wuraren rami na ruwa a kudu sun haɗa da cyperus papyrus, da sauran su. Ciyayi irin na reeds sun fi girma a arewa inda gishiri yake da yawa, kuma tsiron nan mai yawo a kan ruwa wato pistia wani lokacin yakan mamaye manyan buɗaɗɗen wuraren ruwa. Tsire-tsire kamar hyparrhenia rufa suna girma a gabar tafukan da ke da daɗewar ambaliyar ruwa a kudu.[38] Yankin tsire-tsire na dindindin ya ƙaru daga kusan murabba'in kilomita 3800 a shekarar 2000 zuwa kusan murabba'in kilomita 5200 a shekarar 2020 yayin da matakan ruwa suka ragu kuma yanayin zafi ya ƙaru.[39] Dajin da ke da kauri a da ya sauya zuwa buɗaɗɗen daji mai bishiyoyin acacias, baobabs (kukoki), dabino, da bishiyar magarya (Indian jujube).[3]

Tsuntsaye

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Hukumar BirdLife International ta ayyana tafkin a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye (Important Bird Area - IBA).[40] Daruruwan nau'ikan tsuntsaye ne ke rayuwa a wurin na dindindin ko na lokaci-lokaci kamar su northern shoveler, Egyptian goose, da marabou stork.[3] Wuri ne mai mahimmanci na tserewa lokacin sanyi na tsuntsayen anatidae na Turai da tsuntsayen da ke yawo a cikin ruwa. Akwai tsuntsaye masu farauta kamar steppe eagle da booted eagle a gabar tafkin,[38] kuma ana iya ganin tsuntsaye nau'in ruff fiye da miliyan ɗaya a lokaci guda a kan tafkin.[41]

Dabbobi Masu Shanyawa

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Manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa da suka taɓa zama gama-gari sun haɗa da red-fronted gazelle (barewa), dama gazelle, patas monkey (biri), striped hyena (matsalwaci/gyado), cheetah (malami), da caracal, yayin da giwar Afirka, otter (baba-ruwa), hippopotamus (dorina), sitatunga, da kob ke rarrabe a cikin dausayi. A halin yanzu, yawancin manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa an farauto su har sun ƙare, inda adadi mai yawa na shanu ya maye gurbinsu.[38]

Kifi

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Gabaɗayan Kwaron Chadi yana da nau'ikan kifi 179, inda guda 127 daga cikinsu iri ɗaya ne da na Kwaron Kogin Neja, guda 85 iri ɗaya ne da na Kwaron Kogin Nilu, guda 47 iri ɗaya ne da na Kwaron Kogin Kongo, kuma nau'ikan kifi 84 ne ke rarrabe a cikin tafkin kansa.[4] Wannan ya sanya shi zama wuri mai wadatar harkar kamun kifi ga al'ummomin dake faɗin Najeriya, Nijar, Chadi, da Kamaru. Kwararar ambaliyar ruwa na lokaci-lokaci haɗe da hauhawar zafin iska na lokaci-lokaci na haifar da raguwar gishiri, ƙaruwar dusa a cikin ruwa (turbidity), da haɓakar matakan sinadarai (trophic levels), wanda ke ƙarfafa haɓakar adadin phytoplankton da zooplankton, hakan na ba manyan kifi damar yin hijira na lokaci-lokaci a cikin magudanar ruwa don yin kiwo da hayayyafa a cikin filayen ambaliya masu albarka lokacin da ambaliyar ta zo.[26]

Ayyukan Ɗan Adam

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

File:ShrinkingLakeChad-1973-1997-EO.jpg|thumb|right|Tafkin Chadi a cikin hoton tauraron dan adam na shekarar 2001. Tafkin ya ragu da kashi 95% tun daga shekarun 1960.[42][43] File:Building a house in lake Chad region.jpg|thumb|right|275px|Ginin gidan wucin gadi a yankin Tafkin Chadi Akwai mazauna sama da miliyan 30 a cikin Kwaron Tafkin Chadi. Akwai kabilu sama da 70 a kewayen tafkin, inda mafi yawansu ke rarrabe a gabar kudu, inda yawan jama'a ya ninka mutane 100 a kowace murabba'in kilomita. Suna dogara ne akan hanyoyin ruwa na Tafkin Chadi don banruwa, kiwo, kiwon dabbobi, da sha.[28] Amfanin gona na gida da mutane ke yi don dogaro da kansu sun haɗa da dawa, masara, gero (finger millet), waken suya (wake), da kayan lambu. Ana shuka duma sosai don kera kwanuka da kofuna. Tattara amfanin daji kamar danyen dankon gora (gum arabic), zuma, kakin zuma, da itacen girki yana da babban mahimmanci a yankin. Sai amman, raguwar fadin daji ya haifar da mummunan tasiri ga samar da waɗannan kayayyaki, kuma saurin haɓakar garken shanu ya ƙara tsananta wannan tasiri. Shanu sune mafi mahimmancin dabbobin da ake kiwo, tare da kaji, awaki, tumaki, rakumma, dawakai, da jakuna. Harkar kiwon dabbobi ta fuskanci mummunan tasiri sakamakon fari na shekarun 1970 da 1980.[3]

Kamun kifi a al'adance shine mafi mahimmancin aikin tattalin arziki ga mutanen yankin tafkin, wanda kusan ya tsaya gabaɗaya a lokutan fari kuma ya sake farawa ne kawai a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. Mafi yawancin kayan kifi ana busar da su, ana saka musu gishiri, ko kuma a hayaki su. Shi kuma kanwa (natron) da ake samarwa a kwararon gabar arewa maso gabas na tafkin ya daɗe yana da mahimmancin tattalin arziki. A al'adance, ana hako shi ne a matsayin guda-guda sannan a yi jigilarsa ta kan tafkin don shiga kasuwar Najeriya.[3] Tun lokacin fari na shekarun 1970, ƙasar da za a iya shuka amfanin gona a kanta ba tare da banruwa ko takile ba ta bayyana a kasan tafkin, kuma an mayar da ita filayen polder don shuka masara, wake (cowpea), shinkafa, dawa, da sauran amfanin gona.[44] Manoma sun sauya sheka daga shuka amfanin gona na busassun ƙasashe, kamar alkama, zuwa shinkafa mai bukatar ruwa mai yawa, wanda hakan ya haifar da mafi tsananin matsalar gishiri a ƙasa da kuma gurbacewar ruwa (water eutrophication).[28] Mummunan tasirin raguwar hanyoyin ruwa akan harkar kamun kifi, noma, da kiwo ya zarce fa'idodin sabuwar ƙasar da aka samu daga ruwan da ke ja da baya. Mazauna kewayen da suka kasance suna dogara da ruwan tafkin sun fuskanci tilas na ƙaura, wanda ya haifar da ci gaba da raguwar tattalin arzikin yankin tafkin.[45] Tun daga shekarar 1970, ƙasashe biyar a kudancin kwaron sun gina ayyukan kiyaye ruwa da yawa a saman kogunan Chari, Logone, da Yobe don tare ruwan kogin, wanda ya haifar da raguwar gauraye na adadin ruwan da ke shiga tafkin. Matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na Kogin Chari da Kogin Logone daga shekarar 1970 zuwa 1990 ya kasance kashi 55% ne kawai na wanda aka samu daga shekarar 1950 zuwa 1970. Tun daga shekarun 1980, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ruwan Kogin Chari da Kogin Logone aka karkatar da shi tare da tare shi ta hannun Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya da ke sama don banruwan harkar noma da kuma samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa.[28] Dam-dam ɗin da aka gina a saman kogunan da ke shiga tafkin sun canza lokaci da fadin ambaliyar ruwa na lokaci-lokaci kuma sun rikita hijirar kifi, wanda ya haifar da raguwar gaggawa na adadin kifin Alestes baremoze da kuma kifin Nile perch (giwan ruwa), waɗanda sune manyan kifin da ake kamawa a Tafkin Chadi, da kuma gagarumin raguwar abun kamawa.[41][4] A lokaci guda, rikice-rikice tsakanin ƙasashe da kabilu masu takaddama kan ruwa da ƙasa suna ƙara ruruwa. Ƙasashe huɗu da ke kan tafkin duka suna fuskantar matsalar matsananciyar talauci, kuma saboda wahalar biyan bukatun rayuwarsu, wasu mazauna yankin sun tsunduma cikin harkar safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi da ta makamai.[28] Wannan ya ƙara tsananta ne sakamakon ayyukan ƙungiyar Boko Haram, wani tawaye da ya daidaita rayuwar miliyoyin mutane tare da rikita ci gaba a faɗin yankin.[46]

Kamaru, Nijar, Najeriya, da Chadi sun kafa Hukumar Kwaron Tafkin Chadi (Lake Chad Basin Commission) a ranar 22 ga Mayun 1964. Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya ta shiga a shekarar 1996, kuma Libya ta shiga a shekarar 2008. Babban ofishin kwamitin yana nan a garin N'Djamena, na ƙasar Chadi. Ayyukan hukumar sun haɗa da gudanar da Tafkin Chadi da albarkatun ruwansa, kare tsarin halittu, da kuma haɓaka haɗin gwiwar yankin, zaman lafiya, tsaro, da ci gaba a yankin Tafkin Chadi.[47] Tsarin sake cika ruwa na ƙasashen da ke kewaye don Tafkin Chadi ya haɗa da gina wani babban rafi (canal) mai tsayin kilomita 2400 don jigilar mita cubic biliyan 100 na ruwa daga Kwaron Kogin Kongo zuwa Kwaron Kogin Chari a kowace shekara, da kuma amfani da jerin dam-dam a kan hanyar don samar da wutar lantarki.[48]

Bayanan Ragewar Fadi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tafkin Chadi ya fuskanci gagarumar raguwar fadi a cikin shekaru sittin da suka gabata, wanda hakan ya sanya shi zama ɗaya daga cikin tafukan da suka fi fuskantar matsin lamba na muhalli a duniya. Tafkin, wanda a da ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita 25,000 a farkon shekarun 1960, fadin samansa ya yi ta canzawa sosai sakamakon raguwar ruwan sama, fari mai dorewa, karkatar da ruwa daga saman koguna, da sauye-sauyen yanayi. Zuwa farkon shekarun 2000, bincike da yawa sun kiyasta cewa tafkin ya ragu zuwa ƙasa da kashi 10% na girmansa na baya, kodayake ruwan sama na lokaci-lokaci kan iya haifar da farfadowar wucin gadi a wasu shekarun.[49]

Kiyasin raguwar fadi na baya-bayan nan

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Lokaci Kiyasin fadin tafkin Bayani
Shekarun 1960 ~25,000 km² Kimanin fadin da yake da shi na tarihi kafin babban raguwa.[50]
Farkon shekarun 2000 <10% na girmansa na baya

Abubuwan da ke haifar da raguwar fadi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. Raguwar ruwan sama da fari: Yankin Sahel ya fuskanci fari mai tsawo tun daga shekarun 1970, wanda ya rage kwararar ruwa daga tsarin kogunan Chari, Logone, da Komadugu-Yobe.[51]
  2. Amfani da ruwa a saman koguna: Haɓaka ayyukan banruwa a ƙasashen Kamaru, Chadi, Nijar, da Najeriya ya karkatar da adadi mai yawa na ruwa kafin ya isa tafkin.
  3. Canjin yanayi: Hauhawar zafin jiki na ƙara saurin bafuri (evaporation), yayin da tsarin ruwan sama ya zama mai wuyar fuskanta, wanda ke ƙara tsananta matsin lamba na tsarin ruwa (hydrological stress) akan kwaron.[52]

Tasirin Jin Kai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rikita Hanyoyin Rayuwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sama da mutane miliyan 30 a Kwaron Tafkin Chadi ne suka dogara kai-tsaye ko a fakaice ga tafkin don harkar kamun kifi, noma, da kiwon dabbobi. Yayin da matakan ruwa suka ragu, guraren kamun kifi sun takaita, filayen kiwo sun lalace, kuma albarkar harkar noma ta ragu, wanda hakan ya gurgunta tattalin arzikin gida da wadatar abinci.[53]

Karancin Abinci da Hijira

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rasa hanyoyin rayuwa ya taimaka wajen haifar da matsalar karancin abinci mai dorewa a fadin yankin. Gasar neman rage-ragen filaye da albarkatun ruwa ita ma ta rurruka tashe-tashen hankula na gida da kuma hijira. A cewar hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, miliyoyin mutane a kewayen Tafkin Chadi suna bukatar agajin jin kai, gami da tallafin abinci, tsaftataccen ruwa, matsuguni, da kula da lafiya.[54]

Kalubalen Lafiyar Al'umma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Raguwa da gurbacewar hanyoyin ruwa sun kara barazanar kamuwa da cututtuka da ke yaduwa ta ruwa kamar kwalara da zawo. Adadin karancin abinci mai gina jiki (tamowa) ya kasance mai yawa a tsakanin al'ummomi da dama saboda raguwar kamun kifi da amfanin gona yana rage samun damar cin abinci mai gina jiki (protein) da abinci na yau da kullum.[55]

Tasirin Tsaro

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Lalacewar muhalli a kewayen Tafkin Chadi ya hadu da matsalar rashin tsaro na shiyya, gami da ayyukan kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye masu dauke da makamai kamar Boko Haram. Hijira, talauci, da raunin samun damar yin amfani da albarkatu sun sanya al'ummomi da dama zama cikin hadari cikin sauki ga rashin kwanciyar hankali da tashe-tashen hankula.

Kokarin Mayar da Martani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gwamnatocin kasashen da ke cikin kwaron, tare da kungiyoyin shiyya da abokan hulda na kasa da kasa, sun kaddamar da shirye-shirye da nufin inganta sarrafa ruwa, maido da tsarin halittu, fadada aikin noma mai dorewa, da karfafa tallafin jin kai. Hukumar Kwaron Tafkin Chadi ce ke daidaita yawancin wadannan koke-koke na shiyya.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Leblanc, M.; Favreau, G.; Maley, J.; Nazoumou, Y.; Leduc, C.; Stagnitti, F.; van Oevelen, P. J.; Delclaux, F.; Lemoalle, J. (2006). "Reconstruction of Megalake Chad using Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission data". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (in Turanci). 239 (1–2): 16–27. Bibcode:2006PPP...239...16L. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.01.003. Archived from the original on 2023-06-13. Retrieved 2023-06-13.
  2. ↑ Mathieu Schuster; Claude Roquin; Philippe Duringer; Michel Brunet; Matthieu Caugy; Michel Fontugne; Hassan Taïsso Mackaye; Patrick Vignaud; Jean-François Ghienne (2005). "Holocene Lake Mega-Chad palaeoshorelines from space". Quaternary Science Reviews. 24 (16–17): 1821–1827. Bibcode:2005QSRv...24.1821S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.02.001.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Gritzner, J. A. "Lake Chad". Encyclopedia Britannica (in Turanci). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 2023-06-13.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hughes, R. H.; Hughes, J. S. (1992). A Directory of African Wetlands (PDF) (in Turanci). IUCN / UNEP / WCMC. pp. 329–330. ISBN 2-88032-949-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-09-24. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
  5. ↑ Hughes, R. H.; Hughes, J. S. (1992). A Directory of African Wetlands (PDF) (in Turanci). IUCN / UNEP / WCMC. pp. 329–330. ISBN 2-88032-949-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-09-24. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
  6. ↑ Wright, J.B. (1985-11-30). Geology and Mineral Resources of West Africa. Springer. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-04-556001-1. Retrieved 2013-05-06.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Wen Yunzhao. "Lake Chad". Encyclopedia of China (in Harshen Sinanci) (03 ed.). Beijing: Encyclopedia of China Publishing House. Archived from the original on 13 June 2023. Retrieved 2023-06-11.
  8. ↑ Obaje, Nuhu George (2009-08-12). Geology and Mineral Resources of Nigeria. Springer. p. 69. ISBN 978-3-540-92684-9. Retrieved 2013-05-06.
  9. ↑ Wright, J.B. (1985-11-30). Geology and Mineral Resources of West Africa. Springer. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-04-556001-1. Retrieved 2013-05-06.
  10. ↑ Leblanc, M.; Favreau, G.; Maley, J.; Nazoumou, Y.; Leduc, C.; Stagnitti, F.; van Oevelen, P. J.; Delclaux, F.; Lemoalle, J. (2006). "Reconstruction of Megalake Chad using Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission data". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (in Turanci). 239 (1–2): 16–27. Bibcode:2006PPP...239...16L. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.01.003. Archived from the original on 2023-06-13. Retrieved 2023-06-13.
  11. ↑ Mathieu Schuster; Claude Roquin; Philippe Duringer; Michel Brunet; Matthieu Caugy; Michel Fontugne; Hassan Taïsso Mackaye; Patrick Vignaud; Jean-François Ghienne (2005). "Holocene Lake Mega-Chad palaeoshorelines from space". Quaternary Science Reviews. 24 (16–17): 1821–1827. Bibcode:2005QSRv...24.1821S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.02.001.
  12. ↑ Kevin Shillington (28 August 2018). History of Africa. Macmillan Education UK. pp. 19–31. ISBN 978-1-137-52481-2.
  13. ↑ Ogundiran, Akinwumi (2005). "Four Millennia of Cultural History in Nigeria (ca. 2000 B.C.–A.D. 1900): Archaeological Perspectives". Journal of World Prehistory. 19 (2): 138. doi:10.1007/s10963-006-9003-y.
  14. ↑ Marlies Klee; Barbara Zach (1999). "The Exploitation of Wild and Domesticated Food Plants at Settlement Mounds in North-East Nigeria (1800 cal BC to Today)". The Exploitation of Plant Resources in Ancient Africa. pp. 81–88. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-6730-8_8. ISBN 978-1-4419-3316-4.
  15. 1 2 Decorse, Christopher R. (2001). West Africa During the Atlantic Slave Trade: Archaeological Perspectives. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-7185-0247-8. Retrieved 2013-05-06.
  16. ↑ Johnston, H. H. (1910). "Lake Chad". Nature (in Turanci). 84 (2130): 244–245. Bibcode:1910Natur..84..244J. doi:10.1038/084244a0. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 8682184.
  17. 1 2 Appiah, Kwame Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (2010). Encyclopaedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9. Retrieved 2013-05-06.
  18. ↑ Lange, Dierk (2004). Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa: African-centred and Canaanite-Israelite Perspectives ; a Collection of Published and Unpublished Studies in English and French (in Turanci). J.H.Röll Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89754-115-3.
  19. ↑ Flynn, Sébastien (2016-01-01). "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND KANEM- BORNU DURING THE REIGN OF SULTAN MURAD III A Master's Thesis". Bilkent Master's Thesis.
  20. ↑ Kevin Shillington (28 August 2018). History of Africa. Macmillan Education UK. pp. 101–103+188–190+249–256. ISBN 978-1-137-52481-2.
  21. ↑ Harlow, Barbara (2003). "Conference of Berlin (1884–1885)". Colonialism. ABC-CLIO. p. 139. ISBN 978-1-57607-335-3. Retrieved 2013-05-06.
  22. 1 2 熊正坤; 张瑾 (2021-04-08). "乍得湖：从"文明摇篮"到"死亡之心"" [Lake Chad: From "Cradle of Civilization" to "Heart of Death"]. China Water Resources News. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 2024-01-01.
  23. ↑ "about-map". Lake Chad Basin Commission. Retrieved 2024-03-26.
  24. ↑ 黄先雄; 夏斌; 万志峰; 吕宝凤; 蔡周荣 (2008). "乍得湖盆地构造特征与油气成藏规律初探" [A preliminary study on the tectonic characteristics and hydrocarbon accumulation law of the Lake Chad Basin]. 大地构造与成矿学 (3): 326–331. doi:10.16539/j.ddgzyckx.2008.03.013.
  25. 1 2 3 4 刘甜甜; 刘荣高; 葛全胜 (2013). "基于多源遥感数据的非洲乍得湖水面变化监测" [Monitoring of water surface change in Lake Chad in Africa based on multi-source remote sensing data]. 地理科学进展 (in Harshen Sinanci). 32 (6): 906–912. doi:10.11820/dlkxjz.2013.06.007.
  26. 1 2 Marie-Thérèse Sarch; Charon Birkett (June 2000). "Fishing and farming at Lake Chad: Responses to lake-level fluctuations". The Geographical Journal. 166 (2): 156–172. Bibcode:2000GeogJ.166..156S. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4959.2000.tb00015.x. JSTOR 823109.
  27. ↑ Jacques Lemoalle; Jean-Claude Bader; Marc Leblanc; Ahmed Sedick (January 2012). "Recent changes in Lake Chad: Observations, simulations and management options (1973–2011)". Global and Planetary Change. 80–81 (247–254): 247–254. Bibcode:2012GPC....80..247L. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.07.004.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 袁宣民 (2016). "乍得湖的环境、安全及其脆弱性" [The environment, security and vulnerability of Lake Chad]. 世界科学 (in Harshen Sinanci) (7): 21–23. Archived from the original on 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2023-06-13.
  29. ↑ Richard Ogutu-Ohwayo; Vianny Natugonza; Laban Musinguzi; Mark Olokotum; Shamim Naigaga (2016). "Implications of climate variability and change for African lake ecosystems, fisheries productivity, and livelihoods". Journal of Great Lakes Research. 42 (3): 498–510. Bibcode:2016JGLR...42..498O. doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2016.03.004.
  30. 1 2 Evans, T. (1996). "The effects of changes in the world hydrological cycle on availability of water resources". In Bazzaz, F.; Sombroek, W. (eds.). Global climate change and agricultural production (in Turanci). FAO / John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 92-5-103987-9. Archived from the original on 2023-06-18.
  31. ↑ Leblanc, M.; Favreau, G.; Tweed, S. (2007). "Remote sensing for groundwater modelling in large semiarid areas:Lake Chad Basin, Africa". Hydrogeology Journal (in Turanci). 15 (1): 97–100. Bibcode:2007HydJ...15...97L. doi:10.1007/s10040-006-0126-0.
  32. 1 2 3 "Lake Chad: almost gone". United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Archived from the original on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2015-12-05.
  33. ↑ Churchill Okonkwo; Belay Demoz; Ricardo Sakai; Charles Ichoku; Chigozie Anarado; Jimmy Adegoke; Angelina Amadou; Sanusi Imran Abdullahi; Nir Krakauer (2015-12-15). "Combined effect of El Niño southern oscillation and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation on Lake Chad level variability". Cogent Geoscience. 1 (1). doi:10.1080/23312041.2015.1117829.
  34. ↑ Wengbin Zhu; Jiabao Yan; Shaofeng Jia (2017). "Monitoring Recent Fluctuations of the Southern Pool of Lake Chad Using Multiple Remote Sensing Data: Implications for Water Balance Analysis". Remote Sensing. 9 (10): 1032. Bibcode:2017RemS....9.1032Z. doi:10.3390/rs9101032.
  35. ↑ Willibroad Gabila Buma; Sang-Il Lee; Jae Young Seo (2018). "Recent surface water extent of Lake Chad from multispectral sensors and GRACE". Sensors. 18 (7): 2082. Bibcode:2018Senso..18.2082B. doi:10.3390/s18072082. PMC 6069056. PMID 29958481.
  36. 1 2 3 Mahamat Nour, A.; Huneau, F.; Mahamat Ali, A.; Vystavna; Y. (2022). "Shallow Quaternary groundwater in the Lake Chad basin is resilient to climate change but requires sustainable management strategy: Results of isotopic investigation". Science of The Total Environment. 848. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158152. Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  37. 1 2 3 Goni, I. B.; Sherif, A. M.; Taylor, R. G. (2021). "Groundwater recharge from heavy rainfall in the southwestern Lake Chad Basin: evidence from isotopic observations". Hydrological Sciences Journal. 66 (10): 1521–1534. doi:10.1080/02626667.2021.1937630.
  38. 1 2 3 4 Emma Martin; Neil Burgess (15 December 2021). "Lake Chad Flooded Savanna". www.oneearth.org. Archived from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 2023-07-15.
  39. ↑ Binh Pham-Duc; Florence Sylvestre; Fabrice Papa; Frédéric Frappart; Camille Bouchez; Jean-Francois Crétaux (2020). "The Lake Chad hydrology under current climate change". Scientific Reports. 10 (5498): 5498. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.5498P. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-62417-w. PMC 7099084. PMID 32218517.
  40. ↑ "Lake Chad". BirdLife Data Zone. BirdLife International. 2024. Retrieved 2024-10-30.
  41. 1 2 Keith, J. O.; Plowes, D. C. H. (March 1997). Considerations of Wildlife Resources and Land Use in Chad (PDF) (Report) (in Turanci). Office of Sustainable Development, Africa Bureau, USAID. p. 3. SD Technical Paper No. 45. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-06-18.
  42. ↑ "Plan B Updates - 47: Disappearing Lakes, Shrinking Seas - EPI". earth-policy.org.
  43. ↑ "Shrinking African Lake Offers Lesson on Finite Resources". nationalgeographic.com. Archived from the original on April 30, 2001.
  44. ↑ Luxereau, A.; Genthon, P.; Ambouta, J.-M. K. (2011). "Fluctuations in the Size of Lake Chad: Consequences on the Livelihoods of the Riverain Peoples in Eastern Niger". Regional Environmental Change (in Turanci). 12 (3): 507–521. doi:10.1007/s10113-011-0267-0. Archived from the original on 2023-06-14. Retrieved 2023-06-13.
  45. ↑ Roman D. Zarate; Remi Jedwab; Federico Haslop; Carlos Rodríguez-Castelán (2023-09-05). "The Effects of Climate Change in the Poorest Countries: Evidence from the Permanent Shrinking of Lake Chad". World Bank (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-04-08.
  46. ↑ Olowoyeye, Oluwatuyi S.; Kanwar, Rameshwar S. (2023). "Water and Food Sustainability in the Riparian Countries of Lake Chad in Africa". Sustainability. 15 (13): 10009:2. Bibcode:2023Sust...1510009O. doi:10.3390/su151310009.
  47. ↑ "About us". Lake Chad Basin Commission. Archived from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 2023-07-15.
  48. ↑ Ross, Will (2018-03-31). "Can the vanishing lake be saved?". BBC (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 9 August 2019. Retrieved 2019-01-28.
  49. ↑ King, Arienne (2018-03-07). "The Roman Empire in West Africa". World History Encyclopedia (in Turanci).
  50. ↑ King, Arienne (2018-03-07). "The Roman Empire in West Africa". World History Encyclopedia (in Turanci).
  51. ↑ "Niger River - Hydrology, Basin, Delta | Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica (in Turanci). Retrieved 2026-06-09.
  52. ↑ "Niger River - Hydrology, Basin, Delta | Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica (in Turanci). Retrieved 2026-06-09.
  53. ↑ "Niger River - Hydrology, Basin, Delta | Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica (in Turanci). Retrieved 2026-06-09.
  54. ↑ "Niger River: Africa's 3rd Largest River - Ocean Info". oceaninfo.com (in Turanci). 2023-04-29. Retrieved 2026-06-09.
  55. ↑ "Niger River: Africa's 3rd Largest River - Ocean Info". oceaninfo.com (in Turanci). 2023-04-29. Retrieved 2026-06-09.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tabkin_Chadi&oldid=857661"