1 Koningsberger, J.C., ‘Horrea replenda,’ toespraak gehouden bij de opening van het Treub-Laboratorium te Buitenzorg op 4 Mei 1914 (Buitenzorg: Departement van Landbouw, Nijverheid en Handel, 1914), p. 11Google Scholar.

2 Ibid., p. 3.

3 Ibid., pp. 13–4.

4 Ibid., p. 25.

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6 The classic in this genre is Shapin, Steven and Schaffer, Simon, Leviathan and the air-pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the experimental life (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985)Google Scholar. For a sympathetic review of the changes within the history of science influenced by the outlook that scientific knowledge is a social product, refer to Golinski, Jan, Making natural knowledge: Constructivism and the history of science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998)Google Scholar.

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11 That this was his intention is made clear in Treub, Melchior, Over de taak en den werkkring van 's lands plantentuin te Buitenzorg (Buitenzorg: ’s Lands Plantentuin, 1899)Google Scholar.

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13 Melchior Treub, ‘Schematisch nota over de oprichting een agricultuur departement in Nederlandsch Indië’, 30 Jan. 1902, in Nationaal Archief, The Hague (hereafter, NA), Ministerie van Koloniën 1900–53 (hereafter, MvK), Verbaal 7 Aug. 1902/74, inv. no. 136.

14 Emphasis in original. Treub to Idenburg, 16 Mar. 1903, in Arsip Nasional Republic Indonesia, Jakarta (hereafter, ANRI), Algemeene Secretarië (hereafter, AS) 1891–1942, Besluit 23 Sept. 1904, no. 20.

15 Headrick, The Tools of empire.

16 Sirks, M.J., Indisch natuuronderzoek (Amsterdam: Ellerman/Harms, 1915)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; ‘Science in the Netherlands East Indies, ed. L M.R. Rutten (Amsterdam: Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, 1929); ‘Science and scientists in the Netherlands Indies', ed. Pieter Honig and Frans Verdoorn’. (New York: Board for the Netherlands Indies, Surinam and Curaçao); Report of the scientific work done in the Netherlands on behalf of the Dutch overseas territories during the period between approximately 1918 and 1943, ed. B.J.O. Schrieke (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1948); Een eeuw natuurwetenschap in Indonesie 1850–1950: Gedenkboek Koninklijke Natuurkundige Vereeniging (Bandung: KNV, 1950); and Zeijlstra, H.H., Melchior Treub: Pioneer of a new era in the history of the Malay archipelago (Amsterdam: KIT, 1959)Google Scholar.

17 For an insightful review of recent Dutch historiography of colonial Indonesia, which argues that Dutch historians must leave behind the ‘question of whether the colonial past was “good” or “bad”’, refer to Houben, Vincent J.H., ‘Koloniale geschiedenis van Indonesië in the 21e eeuw: Meerzijdig en dubbelzinnig’, in Macht en majesteit: Opstellen voor Cees Fasseur bij zijn afscheid als hoogleraar in de geschiedenis van Indonesië aan de Universiteit Leiden, ed. Lindblad, J. Thomas and van der Molen, Willem (Leiden: Opleiding Talen en Culturen van Zuidoost-Azië en Oceanië/Universiteit Leiden, 2002), pp. 293–303Google Scholar.

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20 Palladino, Paolo and Worboys, Michael, ‘Science and imperialism’, Isis, 84, 1 (1993): 91–102Google Scholar. Pyenson is well aware some of the colonial sciences served political power directly, as he makes clear in his response to Palladino and Worboys. Pyenson, Lewis, ‘Cultural imperialism and exact science revisited’, Isis, 84, 1 (1993): 103–8Google Scholar. In an earlier conference address, published in 1993, he explained what he thought could and could not be proven by analysing the exact sciences in the European colonies. Pyenson, Lewis, ‘Why science may serve political ends: Cultural imperialism and the mission to civilize’, Sudhoffs Archiv Beihefte, 30 (1993): 39–54Google Scholar.

21 See, for example, the studies collected in Nature and empire: Science and the colonial enterprise, ed. Roy MacLeod, special issue of Osiris, 15 (2000).

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24 Pyenson, Empire of reason, p. 178.

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26 Moon, Technology and ethical idealism, p. 41.

27 Maat, Science cultivating practice, p. 59.

28 de Vries, E., ‘De welvaartsdiensten’, in Balans van beleid: Terugblik op de laatste eeuw van Nederlandsch-Indië, ed. Baudet, H. and Brugmans, I.J. (Assen: van Gorcum, 1984 [1961]), pp. 267–88Google Scholar.

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30 Koningsberger confirmed he was Treub's choice in Koningsberger to Went, 29 Sept. 1909, in Boerhave Museum archive, Leiden (hereafter, BM), J. C. Koningsberger correspondence archive.

31 Lovink to Idenburg, 23 Apr. 1910, no. 3623, and Lovink to Idenburg, 31 May 1910, no. 5033, in ANRI, AS 1891–1942, Besluit 22 June 1910, no. 8.

32 Rapport van Departement van Landbouw, 9 Dec. 1910, no. 11352, in ANRI, AS 1891–1942, Besluit 31 Dec. 1910, no. 6.

33 Koningsberger to Went, 14 Dec. 1910, in BM, J.C. Koningsberger correspondence archive.

34 Ibid.

35 Koningsberger, J.C., ‘Herinneringen uit mijn directeursjaren van 's Lands Plantentuin (1909 tot 1918)’, in Hortus Botanicus Bogoriensis (Leiden: Brill, 1942), p. 46Google Scholar.

36 Koningsberger, J.C., ‘Het Departement van Landbouw van 1905–1915’, in Jaarboek van het Department van Landbouw, Nijverheid en Handel 1914 (Batavia: Landsdrukkerij, 1915), pp. 3–46Google Scholar.

37 Koningsberger, ‘Horrea replenda’, p. 25.

38 Maat, Science cultivating practice, p. 89.

39 Ibid, p. 60.

40 Brugmans, I.J., Geschiedenis van het onderwijs in Nederlandsch-Indië (Groningen: Wolters, 1938), p. 343Google Scholar.

41 Maat, Science cultivating practice, pp. 59–60.

42 F.A.F.C. Went, Wetenschap en tropische landbouw (Weltevreden, 1914), quoted in Schoor, Wim van der, ‘Biologie en landbouw: F.A.F.C. Went en de Indische proefstations’, Gewina, 17 (1994): 157Google Scholar.

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44 Lovink to Idenburg, 31 May 1910, no. 5033, in ANRI, AS 1891–1942, Besluit 22 June 1910, no. 8.

45 Koningsberger to Went, 14 Dec. 1910.

46 The herbarium botanists were particularly independent minded, especially after Th. Valeton retired in 1913 (he had been chief of the herbarium since 1904). Thereafter the herbarium staff pursued their own interests under the administratively ineffectual J.J. Smith as the new chief. Valeton to Went, 15 Dec. 1911, in BM, Valeton correspondence archive and Smith to Went, 2 Aug. 1913, in BM, Smith correspondence archive.

47 Koorders, S.H., Exkursionsflora von Java, 4 volumes (Jena: Verslag, 1911–13)Google Scholar.

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49 Verbaal 7 July 1913/3, in NA, MvK, inv. no. 1080.

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51 Boorsma, W.G., ‘Boekbespreking: Opmerkingen over een Buitenzorgsche kritiek op mijne Exkursionsflora von Java’, Teysmannia, 25 (1914): 478–90Google Scholar. Backer also responded, by writing an essay, Slotwoord [Final word], refuting Koorders's defence, which he proposed to publish privately. C.A. Backer, ‘Slotwoord’, 24 Aug. 1914, in NA, MvK, Verbaal 28 Nov. 1914/42, inv. no. 1285

52 Boorsma's printed review was likely a source of some embarrassment to Lovink and other senior colonial officials, who had commissioned and subsidised the publication of the Exkursionsflora. Lovink in 1914 also forbade the publication of Backer's ‘Slotwoord’. Lovink to Idenburg, 17 Sept. 1914, no. 10293; Erdbrink to Lovink, 9 Oct. 1914, no. 400 (secret); Idenburg to Pleijte, 9 Oct. 1914, Mailrapport no. 1192/ 15, in NA, MvK, Verbaal 28 Nov. 1914/42, inv. no. 1285.

53 Koningsberger to Idenburg, 28 Feb. 1916, no. 36 (secret); Kinderman to Koningsberger, 25 Mar. 1916, no. 128 (secret), in NA, MvK, Verbaal 22 June 1916/19, inv. no. 1558.

54 The Utrecht botanist A. Pulle concluded that for pure science to have credibility, the scientists' dirty laundry would have to be kept in house. Refer to J.F. Veldkamp, ‘C.A. Backer, schrijver van een uniek woordenboek’, in Backer, C.A., Verklarend woordenboek van wetenschappelijke plantennamen' (Amsterdam: L.J. Veen, 2000), p. xviGoogle Scholar.

55 J.C. Koningsberger, ‘Nota betreffende de oprichting van een Centraal Wetenschappelijk Instituut voor Nederlandsch-Indië’, 12 Feb. 1913, in NA, MvK, Verbaal 28 June 1913/14, inv. no. 1055. For a different emphasis on the continuities between early twentieth-century attempts to found a centralised scientific institute, refer to Pyenson, Empire of reason, pp. 12–13.

56 Lovink to Idenburg, 11 Mar. 1913, no. 2661; Hazeu to Idenburg, 29 Mar. 1913, no. 5318; Advies van den Raad van Nederlandsch-Indië, ‘Betreffende de oprichting van een “Centraal Wetenschapelijk Instituut voor Nederl.Oost-Indië” ’, 22 Apr. 1913, in NA, MvK, Verbaal 28 June 1913/14, inv. no. 1055.

57 Vereeniging Koloniaal Instituut to de Waal Malefijt, 16 June 1913, no. 137, in NA, MvK, Verbaal 28 June 1913/14, inv. no. 1055; Koningsberger to Lovink, 21 Aug. 1913, no. 747; Hazeu to Idenburg, 25 Nov. 1913, no. 20496; Idenburg to Pleijte, 22 Dec. 1913, no. 1459/19; ‘Oprichting van een Centraal Wetenschappelijk Instituut voor Ned.Indie’, Afdeeling A^I, 23 Mar. 1914, in NA, MvK, Verbaal 31 Mar. 1914/60, inv. no. 1155.

58 Pyenson, Empire of reason, p. 14.

59 Java's onuitputtelijke natuur: Reisverhalen, tekeningen en fotografieen van Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn, ed. Rob Nieuwenhuys and Frits Jaquet (Alphen aan den Rijn: Sijthoff, 1980).

60 Treub, Melchior, ‘La forêt vierge êquatoriale comme association’, Annales du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, 22 (1908): 144–52Google Scholar.

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74 The Dutch colony had been admired in Europe since the middle of the nineteenth century for its peaceful administration coupled with effective economic exploitation. Fasseur, Cees, ‘Een Britse tegenspreker van Multatuli: Money's lofzang op de cultuurstelsel’, in his De weg naar het paradijs en andere Indische geschiedenisen (Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1995), pp. 89–100Google Scholar. Clive Day had in 1904 celebrated the peace and prosperity brought by liberal changes in the Dutch colony after 1870. Day, Clive, The Dutch in Java (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1966 [1904])Google Scholar.

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80 Quoted in Pyenson, Empire of reason, p. 119.

81 Docters van Leeuwen to Went, 3 Aug. 1934, in BM, Docters van Leeuwen correspondence archive; Docters van Leeuwen to van Steenis, 5 Aug. 1934; Docters van Leeuwen to van Steenis, 12 Aug. 1934, in NA, Collection Van Steenis, inv. no. 3D.

82 Koningsberger to Went, 10 Apr. 1919, in BM, J. C. Koningsberger correspondence archive.

83 E. du Perron, who had known him as headmaster in Bandung, called him ‘an honest man without any true character’. du Perron, E., Het land van herkomst (Amsterdam: van Oorschot, 1996 [1936]), p. 467Google Scholar. This description appears not in the autobiographical novel itself, but in a key that du Perron prepared for a friend explaining who his ‘fictional’ characters were based upon. From the novel it is clear du Perron did not greatly admire Docters van Leeuwen, especially after he had suspended du Perron from school for two weeks over a disagreement with the history teacher.

84 J.J. Smith, ‘Reglement voor het Herbarium’, Dec. 1918, in NA, Collection Van Steenis, inv. no. 250.

85 Docters van Leeuwen to Goethart, 28 Aug. 1919, no. 514, in Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden (hereafter, NHN), Buitenzorg correspondence archive 1871–1932.

86 van Leeuwen, W.M. Docters and van Leeuwen-Reynevaan, J. Docters, The Zoocecidia of the Netherlands East Indies (Batavia: de Unie, 1926)Google Scholar; van Leeuwen, W.M. Docters, ‘The Flora and fauna of the islands of the Krakatau-groep in 1919’, Annales du Jardin Botanique Buitenzorg, 31 (1921): 103–40Google Scholar; van Leeuwen, W.M. Docters, ‘Biology of plants and animals occurring in the higher parts of Mount Pangrango-Gedeh in west Java’, Verhandelingen van Koninklijke Adademie van Wetenschappen, 31 (1933): 1–278Google Scholar; van Leeuwen, –W.M. Docters, Krakatau 1883–1933 (Leiden: Brill, 1936)Google Scholar.

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89 In the late 1940s, the botanist C.G.G.J. van Steenis (who started at the Gardens in 1927) argued that the Botanical Gardens were freest from controversy under Docters van Leeuwen. van Steenis to F.C. Went, 19 Jan. 1949, in NA, Collection van Steenis, inv. no. 9.

90 Lam to Went, 16 Jan. 1928, in BM, Lam correspondence archive. See also, Veldkamp, ‘C.A. Backer’, p. xii.

91 van Leeuwen, W.M. Docters, ‘’s Lands Plantentuin te Buitenzorg, 18 Mei 1817–18 Mei 1942’, in Hortus Botanicus Bogoriensis (Leiden: Brill, 1942), p. 17Google Scholar.

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93 Docters van Leeuwen was not initially invited, but he finagled himself onto the team after permission to take a plane for anthropological study required Dutch government intervention. C.C.F.M. le Roux, ‘Beknopt voorloopig plan voor een Amerikaansch-Nederlandsche Expeditie naar het Nassau-gebergte in Ned. Nieuw-Guinee’, 27 Jan. 1926, in NA, Collection ICWO, inv. no. 124. For a good introduction to this expedition, refer to Paul Michael Taylor, By aeroplane to Pygmyland: Revisiting the 1926 Dutch and American expedition to New Guinea, published online by the Smithsonian Institution Libraries, http://www.sil.si.edu/expeditions/1926 (last accessed on 9 July 2008).

94 W.M. Docters van Leeuwen, ‘Voorbereiding van den bioloog van de Expeditie’, Apr. 1926, in NA, Collection ICWO, inv. no. 125 and NA, Collection ICWO, inv. no. 126.

95 Docters van Leeuwen to Went, 6 Mar. 1928, in BM, Docters van Leeuwen correspondence archive.

96 Heyne, K., De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië, 2nd edn, 3 vols. (Batavia: Ruygrok, 1927)Google Scholar. Heyne was replaced in 1927 by the systematic botanist C.G.G.J. van Steenis who did only the bare minimum of economic botany work thereafter.

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100 Ibid.

101 ANRI, AS 1819–1942, Besluit 6 Jan. 1928, no. 13.

102 ‘Reglement voor den Natuurwetenschappelijke Raad voor Nederlandsch-Indië’, in ANRI, AS 1891–1942, Besluit 28 Feb. 1928, no. 9.

103 Pyenson, Empire of reason, pp. 15–16.

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106 Fourth Pacific Science Congress to be held at Batavia-Bandoeng, from Thursday, May 16^th to Saturday, May 25^th, 1929, Supplementary Announcement, Sept. 1928, in KIT library.

107 H.J. Lam, ‘Conspectus of institutions of pure and applied science in or concerning the Netherlands East Indies’, in Science in the Netherlands East Indies, ed. L.M.R. Rutten, pp. 383–432.

108 Docters van Leeuwen to Went, 21 Feb. 1928, in BM, Docters van Leeuwen correspondence archive.

109 Jacobs, Lam, p. 32.

110 Proceedings of the Fourth Pacific Science Congress Java, 1929: Volume I, General part and reports on oceanography, ed. H.J. Lam and K.W. Dammerman (Batavia: n.p., 1930), pp. 5–24.

111 Ibid., p. 368.

112 Ibid., p. 73.

113 Ibid., p. 71.

114 Handelingen van de Volksraad 1918, p. 170.

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121 Docters van Leeuwen to Went, 19 Oct. 1931, in BM, Docters van Leeuwen Correspondence Archive.

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