close
Academia.eduAcademia.edu

Outline

Title
Abstract
Key Takeaways
References
FAQs
All Topics
Psychology

Jung, Jungians, and psychoanalysis

Profile image of Kenneth EisoldKenneth Eisold

2002, Psychoanalytic Psychology

https://doi.org/10.1037//0736-9735.19.3.501
visibility

…

description

24 pages

Abstract

The break between Freud and Jung-and the subsequent division between their followers-has had profound and continuing consequences for both parties. The Jungians have continued an ambivalent relationship to psychoanalysis, with the effects of internal conflicts and institutional schisms. Mainstream psychoanalysis, for its part, has used Jung, the primary and still most prominent "deviant," to inhibit developments in areas associated with his work. This article explores how the pressure to maintain solidarity and conformity in psychoanalysis has curtailed, in particular, thinking in 3 areas: symbolism, lifelong development, and paranormal experience. It concludes with observations about the opportunities and dangers associated with the move toward pluralism being considered in both camps. Ownership Who owns psychoanalysis? The question may seem absurd to us now, and yet the issue of proprietorship and control of the copyright has been an intricate and pervasive part of our history. In his "On the History of the Psychoanalytic Movement," Freud (1914/1957a) asserted bluntly, psychoanalysis is my creation.. .. I consider myself justified in maintaining that even today no one can know better than I do what psychoanalysis is, how it differs from other ways of investigating the life of the mind, and precisely

Key takeaways
sparkles

AI

  1. The split between Freud and Jung has lasting implications for psychoanalysis and its evolution.
  2. Freud's assertion of ownership over psychoanalysis fostered institutional exclusion of Jung and his followers.
  3. Jung's contributions to concepts like symbolism and lifelong development remain largely underexplored in mainstream psychoanalysis.
  4. The tension between Jungian and Freudian schools continues to shape contemporary psychoanalytic discourse and training.
  5. Pluralism in psychoanalysis presents both opportunities and challenges for integrating diverse theoretical perspectives.

Related papers

JUNG AND FREUD: A REFLECTION ON THE EVOLUTION OF PSYCHOANALYSIS AND THE CONFLICT BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM AND CIVILIZATION
Adriana Tanese Nogueira

Silvia Montefoschi Studies: Conflict, Transformation, Society, 2026

This study revisits the theoretical tension between Sigmund Freud and Carl Gustav Jung in order to reassess the relation between individual freedom and civilization. Beginning from Freud’s formulation of an irreducible conflict between drive satisfaction and social order, the essay argues that Jung’s concept of symbolic transformation and individuation reframes this opposition within a dialectical horizon. Through the mediating function of the symbol, drive energy is not repressed but transformed, allowing the individual and the social, nature and culture, to converge within the dynamic totality Jung names the Self. The paper further explores the epistemological implications of this shift, particularly Jung’s redefinition of the unconscious as both object and generative ground of knowledge. By engaging structural parallels with contemporary philosophy of science and complexity theory—especially in dialogue with Lakatos, Kuhn, René Thom, and Ilya Prigogine—the essay clarifies that these analogies are to be understood as structural resonances rather than demonstrative equivalences. Ultimately, the study proposes that the apparent antinomy between freedom and civilization dissolves when conflict is understood not as repression but as a generative and transformative tension. In this perspective, individuation becomes the very condition for cultural renewal. Keywords: Freud, Jung, individuation, symbolic transformation, collective unconscious, Self, freedom and civilization, conflict, epistemology, complexity theory

View PDFchevron_right
(2015) Freud and Jung: the creation of the psychoanalytic universe. Psychodynamic Practice, 21 (2). ISSN 1475-3634
David Henderson

How can we think about or imagine the psychoanalytic universe in which we work, think, organise and speak? How can we make sense of a universe of discourse that includes id psychology, object relations, neuropsychoanalysis and existential analysis, and all of the Freudian, Jungian, Kleinian, Lacanian and Kohutian tendencies and their neo- and post- versions? What sort of historiography will help us to orient ourselves? Is there an approach to the history of psychoanalysis that will serve the interests of historical accuracy and heuristic possibility?

View PDFchevron_right
Jung before Freud, not Freud before Jung: the reception of Jung's work in American psychoanalytic circles between 1904 and 1909
Eugene Taylor

Journal of Analytical Psychology, 1998

A review is first presented of the new Jung scholarship -that Jung is to be properly understood, not as a disciple of Freud, but as the twentieth century exponent of the symbolic hypothesis in the tradition of the late nineteenth century psychologies of transcendence. This is followed by an outline of the so-called French-Swiss-English and American psychotherapeutic alliance, of which Jung was a part, and the cross-cultural mediumistic psychology of the subconscious it promoted, chiefly through the works of William James, F. W. H. Myers, and Théodore Flournoy. Focusing on the experimental work of the Swiss-American pathologist Adolph Meyer and the American neurologist Frederick Peterson, evidence is then produced to show that Jung, before Freud, was more important in American psychotherapeutic circles. His experimental researches into the association method and the psychogalvanic reflex, his study of mediums and connection to Swiss psychiatry had numerous unique alliances with the American scene, particularly because of their similar historical relation between psychology and religion. Therefore, to understand Jung, one must consider the archetypal significance which America held for Jung's own individuation process, as well as the Americanization of Jungian ideas that followed.

View PDFchevron_right
The Cambridge Companion to Jung
Terence Dawson

1997

This new edition represents a wide-ranging and up-to-date critical introduction to the psychology of Carl Jung, one of the founders of psychoanalysis. Including two new essays and thorough revisions of most of the original chapters, it constitutes a radical new assessment of his legacy. Andrew Samuels's introduction succinctly articulates the challenges facing the Jungian community. The fifteen essays set Jung in the context of his own time, outline the current practice and theory of Jungian psychology, and show how Jungians continue to question and evolve his thinking and to contribute to current debate about modern culture and psychoanalysis. The volume includes a full chronology of Jung's life and work, extensively revised and up-to-date bibliographies, a case study, and a glossary. It is an indispensable reference tool for both students and specialists, written by an international team of Jungian analysts and scholars from various disciplines.

View PDFchevron_right
Institutional conflicts in Jungian analysis
Kenneth Eisold

Journal of Analytical Psychology, 2001

This paper explores how the institutional life of analytical psychology has been beset by its historical and continuing conflictual relationship with psychoanalysis. Stemming from a division in Jung's identity, that of the spiritual seeker and that of a mental health practitioner, the organizations of analytical psychology have repeatedly enacted that division, resulting in an unclear mission and considerable conflict. In England those conflicts have led to schisms; in America they have played out in internal conflicts within training institutes. Examples of areas of conflict are provided, along with suggestions for addressing these conflicts by recognizing them more openly.

View PDFchevron_right
C.G. JUNG A Life Meandering between Neoplatonic Psychoanalysis and Hermetic Magic, And its Overcoming Complete Chapter 2
Remo F. Roth, PhD

Content 2. C.G. Jung’s own association tests and the secret symmetry with the Jewess Sabina Spielrein 2 2.1 The association tests of 1902/03 and Jung’s Jewish Star complex 2 2.2 The secret symmetry of 1907: The archetype of the Holy Wedding constellated in Sabina Spielrein and C.G. Jung 13 2.3 C.G. Jung’s power complex and its breakdown in the powerlessness of the second association test of February 1907 35 2.4 Summary 40

View PDFchevron_right
A N New developments in the post-Jungian field
antonie dubbelman
View PDFchevron_right
A Freudian’s Journey into Jung’s World
Giovanni Colacicchi

Jung Journal, 2019

Jung’s Ethics: Moral Psychology and His Cure of Souls by Dan Merkur is the late scholar’s compelling journey into Jung’s psychology, worldview, and methods. Merkur, who sees Jung through a psychoanalytic lens, conducts an open-minded inquiry into many of Jung’s ethically relevant theoretical and clinical discoveries, including the phenomenon of “neurotic denial of guilt” and the thesis of the inborn foundations of morality. Although these ideas diverged from Freud’s conceptions, they also anticipated many future developments in psychoanalysis. The possibility of a convergence between the ethical views of Freud and Jung, via a critical comparison with Nietzsche, is also considered.

View PDFchevron_right
A Brief History of Psychoanalysis: From Freud to Fantasy to Folly
Dianna T Kenny

Psychotherapy and Counselling Journal of Australia

Psychoanalysis has had a long gestation, during the course of which it has experienced multiple rebirths, leading some current authors to complain that there has been such a proliferation of theories of psychoanalysis over the past 115 years that the field has become theoretically fragmented and is in disarray (Fonagy & Target, 2003; Rangell, 2006). In this paper, Kenny surveys the past and present landscapes of psychoanalytic theorizing and clinical practice to trace the evolution of Freud’s original insights and psychoanalytic techniques to current theory and practice. First, the article sketches the evolutionary chronology of psychoanalytic theory; second, it discusses the key psychoanalytic techniques derived from clinical practice, with which psychoanalysis is most strongly identified; third, it interrogates whether Freud’s original theoretical conceptualizations and clinical practices are still recognizable in current psychoanalytic theory and practice, using four key exemplar...

View PDFchevron_right
Doubling Back: Psychoanalytical Literary Theory and the Perverse Return to Jungian Space
Kris Pint

S, 2011

View PDFchevron_right

References (66)

  1. Abend, S. (1989). Countertransference and analytic technique. Psychoanalytic Quar- terly, 58, 374-395.
  2. Abrams, S. (1990). The psychoanalytic process: The developmental and the integra- tive. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 59, 650-677.
  3. Astor, J. (1995). Michael Fordham: Innovations in analytical psychology. London: Routledge.
  4. Astor, J. (1998). Some Jungian and Freudian perspectives on the Oedipus myth and beyond. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 79, 697-712.
  5. Beebe, J., Cambray, J., & Kirsch, T. B. (2001). What Freudians can learn from Jung. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 18, 213-242.
  6. Berlin, I. (1990). The pursuit of the ideal. In H. Hardy (Ed.), The crooked timber of humanity (pp. 1-19). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. (Original work published 1988)
  7. Bion, W. R. (1970). Attention and interpretation. London: Tavistock.
  8. Colarusso, C. A., & Nemiroff, R. A. (1981). Adult development: A new dimension of psychodynamic theory and practice. New York: Plenum Press.
  9. Cooper, A. M. (1997, November). Psychoanalytic education: Past, present and future. Address to the Association for Psychoanalytic Medicine, New York, NY.
  10. Deutsch, H. (1970). Occult processes occurring during psychoanalysis. In G. Devereau (Ed.), Psychoanalysis and the occult (pp. 133-146). New York: International Uni- versities Press. (Original work published 1926)
  11. Eisold, K. (1997). Freud as leader: The early years of the Viennese Society. Interna- tional Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 78, 87-104.
  12. Eisold, K. (2001). Institutional conflicts in Jungian analysis. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 46, 335-353.
  13. Ellenberger, H. (1970). The discovery of the unconscious. New York: Basic Books.
  14. Emde, R. N. (1985). From adolescence to midlife: Remodeling the structure of adult development. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 33(Suppl.), 59-112.
  15. Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
  16. Erikson, E. H. (1987). For Joseph Wheelwright, my Jungian friend. In S. Schlein (Ed.), A way of looking at things: Selected papers from 1930 to 1980 (pp. 713-715). New York: Norton. (Original work published 1982)
  17. Farrell, D. (1983). Freud's "thought transference," repression, and the future of psy- choanalysis. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 64, 71-81.
  18. Fordham, M. (1961). Obituary: C. G. Jung. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 34, 3-4.
  19. Fordham, M. (1979). Analytical psychology in England. Journal of Analytical Psy- chology, 24, 279-297.
  20. Fordham, M. (1993). The making of an analyst: A memoir. London: Free Association Books.
  21. Fordham, M. (1995). Freud, Jung, Klein-The fenceless field: Essays on psychoanaly- sis and analytical psychology (R. Hobdell, Ed.). London: Routledge.
  22. Freud, S. (1953). The interpretation of dreams. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vols. 4 & 5, pp. 1-630). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1900)
  23. Freud, S. (1955). Totem and taboo. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 13, pp. 1-162). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1913)
  24. Freud, S. (1957a). On the history of the psychoanalytic movement. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 14, pp. 3-66). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1914)
  25. Freud, S. (1957b). "Wild" psycho-analysis. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 11, pp. 221-227). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1910)
  26. Freud, S. (1958). Recommendations to physicians practicing psychoanalysis. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 12, pp. 109-120). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1912)
  27. Freud, S. (1961). An autobiographical study. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The
  28. Kirsch, T. B. (1997). Response to John Beebe. Journal of Analytic Psychology, 42, 21-24.
  29. Kirsch, T. B. (2000). The Jungians: A comparative and historical perspective. London: Routledge.
  30. Laplanche, J., & Pontalis, J. B. (1973). The language of psycho-analysis (D. Nichol- son-Smith, Trans.). New York: Norton.
  31. Lawrence, W. G. (Ed.). (1998). Social dreaming @work. London: Karnac Books.
  32. Levinson, D. J., Darrow, C. N., Klein, E. B., Levinson, M. H., & McKee, B. (1978). The seasons of a man's life. New York: Knopf.
  33. Mayer, E. L. (1996a). Changes in science and changing ideas about knowledge and authority in psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 65, 158-200.
  34. Mayer, E. L. (1996b). Subjectivity and intersubjectivity of clinical facts. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 77, 709-737.
  35. McLynn, F. (1996). Carl Gustav Jung. New York: St. Martin's Press.
  36. Meltzer, D. (1984). Dream-life: A re-examination of psycho-analytical theory and technique. Perthshire, Scotland: Clunie Press.
  37. Menzies, E. (1967). The functioning of social systems as defense against anxiety. London: Tavistock.
  38. Miller, E. (1989). The "Leicester" model: Experiential study of group and organisa- tional processes (Occasional Paper No. 10). London: Tavistock.
  39. Modell, A. H. (1997). The synergy of memory, affects, and metaphor. Journal of Analytic Psychology, 42, 105-117.
  40. Nelson, M. C. (1969). Contribution on parapsychology: Introduction. The Psychoana- lytic Review, 56, 3-8.
  41. Noll, R. (1995). The Jung cult: Origins of a charismatic movement. New York: Free Press.
  42. Noll, R. (1997). The Aryan Christ: The secret life of Carl Jung. New York: Random House. Paskauskas, A. A. (1988). Freud's break with Jung. Free Associations, 11, 7-34.
  43. Pollock, G. H., & Greenspan, S. I. (1988-1993). The course of life (Vols. 1-7). Madison, CT: International Universities Press.
  44. Roustang, F. (1982). Dire mastery: Discipleship from Freud to Lacan. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  45. Samuels, A. (1985). Jung and the post-Jungians. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
  46. Samuels, A. (1989). Fred Plaut in conversation with Andrew Samuels. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 34, 159-183.
  47. Samuels, A. (1994). The professionalization of Carl G. Jung's analytical psychology clubs. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 30, 138-147.
  48. Samuels, A. (1995). Pluralism and psychotherapy. Australian Journal of Psycho- therapy, 14, 31-44.
  49. Samuels, A. (1996). Jung's return from banishment. The Psychoanalytic Review, 83, 469-489.
  50. Scott, W. C. M. (1978). Common problems concerning the views of Freud and Jung. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 23, 303-314.
  51. Settlage, C. F., Curtis, J., Lozoff, M., Lozoff, M., Silbertshatz, G., & Simburg, E. J. (1988). Conceptualizing adult development. Journal of the American Psychoana- lytic Association, 36, 347-369.
  52. Shamdasani, S. (1994). Introduction: The censure of the speculative. In S. Shamdasani & M. Munchow (Eds.), Speculations after Freud: Psychoanalysis, philosophy and culture (pp. xi-xvii). London: Routledge.
  53. Shamdasani, S. (1998). Cult fictions: C. G. Jung and the founding of analytical psychology. London: Routledge.
  54. Solomon, R. Z. (1982). [Review of the book Adult development: A new dimension of psychoanalytic theory and practice]. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 51, 660-662.
  55. Staude, J.-R. (1981). The adult development of C. G. Jung. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  56. Sulloway, F. J. (1979). Freud, biologist of the mind: Beyond the psychoanalytic leg- end. New York: Basic Books.
  57. Symington, N. (1986). The analytic experience: Lectures from the Tavistock. London: Free Association Books.
  58. Taylor, E. (1996). The new Jung scholarship. The Psychoanalytic Review, 83, 547-568.
  59. Taylor, E. (1998). Jung before Freud, not Freud before Jung: The reception of Jung's work in American psychoanalytic circles between 1904 and 1909. Journal of Ana- lytical Psychology, 43, 97-114.
  60. Valliant, G. E. (1977). Adaptation to life. Boston: Little, Brown.
  61. Wallerstein, R. S. (1988). One psychoanalysis or many? International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 69, 5-21.
  62. Winnicott, D. W. (1964). [Review of the book Memories, dreams, reflections]. Inter- national Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 45, 450-455.
  63. Winnicott, D. W. (1971). The use of an object and relating through identifications. In Playing and reality (pp. 86-94). London: Tavistock. (Original work published 1969)
  64. Winnicott, D. W. (1989a). D. W. W. 's dream related to reviewing Jung. In C. Winnicott, R. Shepard, & M. Davis (Eds.), Psycho-analytic explorations (pp. 228-230). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Original work published 1963)
  65. Winnicott, D. W. (1989b). Individuation. In C. Winnicott, R. Shepard, & M. Davis (Eds.), Psycho-analytic explorations (pp. 284-288). Cambridge, MA: Harvard Uni- versity Press. (Original work published 1970)
  66. Young-Eisendrath, P. (1995, March/April). Struggling with Jung. Round Table Re- view, 4(2), 4-7.

FAQs

sparkles

AI

How did Jung's departure from psychoanalysis change the organizational landscape?add

The paper reveals that Jung's split from Freud led to the formation of informal structures like the Psychological Club in 1916, emphasizing spiritual and mutual support rather than professional hierarchy.

What were the implications of the term 'psychoanalysis' for Adler and Jung?add

The research illustrates that both Adler and Jung ultimately abandoned the term 'psychoanalysis,' with Adler founding The Society for Free Psychoanalytic Research in response to Freud’s perceived ownership, while Jung distanced himself from the IPA.

What insights did Jung bring to the analysis of symbols and dreams?add

The study finds that Jung advanced dream interpretation through archetypes, contrasting Freud's focus on infantile urges, though mainstream psychoanalysis has largely avoided his symbolic explorations due to perceived mysticism.

How did institutional developments affect post-war Jungian training?add

Following World War II, Jung's reluctant consent led to the founding of competing training institutions: the Zurich Institute emphasized Jung's informal methods, whereas the Society for Analytical Psychology adopted psychoanalytic models.

What factors limit the integration of Jungian concepts into psychoanalytic practice?add

The analysis suggests that a 'social defense' among psychoanalysts maintains barriers against Jungian thought, reflecting a resistance to acknowledging the contributions of Jung and his followers due to historical conflicts.

About the author
BERJAYA
Kenneth Eisold
Papers
53
Followers
49
View all papers from Kenneth Eisoldarrow_forward

Related papers

Freud, Jung, and the Dangerous Supplement to Psychoanalysis
Gord Barentsen

D errida begins "Freud and the Scene of Writing" insisting that "despite appearances, the deconstruction of logocentrism is not the psychoanalysis of philosophy" (196), citing Freud's logocentric relegation of writing to the status of supplement for the primary processes of memory (227). Nevertheless, at the end of the essay Derrida radicalizes the Freudian trace as a deconstructive remainder in the name of a "psychoanalytic graphology," "a psychoanalysis of literature respectful of the originality of the literary signifier" (230-31). Even as "Resistances" establishes a "restanalysis" outside the psychoanalytic order of sense (5), in Archive Fever his Third Thesis refers to Freud as the first who "has analyzed, that is also to say, deconstructed" the archontic, even as his compulsive repetition of patriarchal logic defines the movements of Freud's own archive (95). This fort/da implies a distinction between a logocentric "Psychoanalysis" centered on the metanarratives of the Father (the Oedipus complex and the primal This essay assesses Jungian metapsychology as a "dangerous supplement" to Freudian psychoanalysis in historical, critical, and hermeneutic registers. Reading Jung otherwise offers a depth-psychological model with deconstructive valency unconstrained by Freudian metanarrative, and a Jungian analysis of what is unthought in Derridean deconstruction.

View PDFchevron_right
(2013) 'Freud and Jung: The Creation of the Psychoanalytic Universe,' The Fragmented World of Psychoanalysis: Is Dialogue Possible?, Conference organised by the Higher Education Network for Research and Information in Psychoanalysis (THERIP), London 26-27 July, 2013
David Henderson
View PDFchevron_right
The gift of the unknown: Jung(ians) and Freud(ians) at the end of modernity
david tacey

European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling, 2007

Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article maybe used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution , reselling , loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.

View PDFchevron_right
Freud and Jung: The creation of the psychoanalytic universe
Djuradj Caranovic

Psychodynamic Practice, 2015

How can we to think about or imagine the psychoanalytic universe in which we work, think, organise and speak? How can we make sense of a universe of discourse that includes id psychology, object relations, neuropsychoanalysis and existential analysis, and all of the Freudian, Jungian, Kleinian, Lacanian and Kohutian, tendencies and their neo-and post-versions? What sort of historiography will help us to orient ourselves? Is there an approach to the history of psychoanalysis that will serve the interests of historical accuracy and heuristic possiblity?

View PDFchevron_right
Creativity and change in psychoanalysis: jungian perspectives
Donald R Ferrell

The Psychoanalytic quarterly, 2015

View PDFchevron_right

Related topics

  • Psychology
    • 580 California St., Suite 400
    San Francisco, CA, 94104
    © 2026 Academia. All rights reserved