Piapoco

Piapoco bụ Asụsụ Arawak nke Colombia na Venezuela.

A na-ekwu na asụsụ "Ponares" sitere na aha nna, ọ pụkwara ịbụ Piapoco ma ọ bụ Achagua.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Piapoco bụ alaka nke Asụsụ Arawak, nke gụnyekwara Achagua na Tariana.^[1] A na-ewere Piapoco dị ka asụsụ Northern Arawak.^[2] E nwere naanị ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ asụsụ Piapoco 3,000 fọdụrụ taa. Ndị a bi na osimiri Meta, Vichada, na Guaviare na Colombia Ndị na-asụ Piapoco bikwa na Venezuela. ^[3]^[4] Ọ bụ asụsụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ.^[4]

Ala / Ebe ndabere

Ndị Piapocos si n'agbụrụ buru ibu, Piaroa, bụ́ ndị bi n'oké ọhịa Amazon. Ndị Piapoco biri na mbụ n'etiti Rio Guaviare, ha mechara kwaga na narị afọ nke 18 iji zere ndị ọbịa, ndị ozi ala ọzọ, na ndị ọzọ.

Asụsụ Abụọ

Okwu Piapoco bụ aha njirimara Spanish na-ezo aka na toucan.^[3] Ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Piapoco na-asukwa Spanish. Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ndị na-asụrụ ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe na ndị na-ekwu okwu Spanish na-ekwukarị ụdaume "s" dị ka ụda na-enweghị ụda. Ndị na-eto eto na-asụ asụsụ Piapoco na-ewepụkarị "h" karịa ndị okenye na-asụrụ ya n'ihi mmekọrịta ha na asụsụ Spanish.^[5] Nke a na-enye ohere maka njikọta nke nta nke nta, ebe ụtọ asụsụ na semantics nke tu asụsụ na-amalite imepụtaghachi nke ọzọ.^[6]

Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

Mkpụrụ okwu

		Akpụkpọ ahụ	Ezé ezé	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Mkpịsị aka
Ụgbọ imi		m		n
Kwụsị	enweghị olu	p		t		k
Kwụsị	<small id="mwfw">kwuru okwu</small>	b		d
Africate				ts
Ihe na-esiri ike			s̪ ~ θ				h
Ihe na-atọ ụtọ				r
Ihe atụ		w		l	j

/s̪/ nwere ike ịkpọpụta dị ka [θ] n'etiti ndị na-asụ asụsụ ndị na-enweghị mmekọrịta dị ukwuu na ndị na-ekwu Spanish.
/k/ nwere ike ịbụ mgbe /i/ gasịrị, n'ihu ụdaume ọzọ.
/ts/ nwere ike ịkpọpụta dị ka [tʃ] na ọdịiche n'efu n'etiti ndị ọkà okwu dị iche iche.
A na-akpọ /w/ dị ka [β] mgbe ọ na-ebute ụdaume ihu.

	N'ihu	Ịlaghachi azụ
Elu	i	u
Ala Dị Ala	e	a

Enwere ike ịmegharị ụdaume [ã] mgbe ọ na-apụta n'ihu ụdaume imi.^[7]

Asụsụ

Deloris Klumpp dere akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Piapoco-Spanish nwere okwu 2,500, nke e jidere njirimara osisi, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ha niile.^[2] Asụsụ Piapoco na-agbaso iwu ụtọ asụsụ ndị a: ọnụọgụ -nai eji eme ihe maka animates naanị, ọnụọgụ nwoke -iri, nwanyị -tua, ọnụọụọgụ -mi 'mgbe, nke nwụrụ anwụ,' na-akpọ aha -si, akara ọnọdụ -ka.^[2] Piapoco pụrụ iche n'ihi na o yiri ka ọ bụ asụsụ na-ebo ebubo.^[2] E nwere ụdaume iri na asatọ, ụdaume iri anọ na ụdaume anọ n'asụsụ Piapoco.

Edensibia

↑ Seifart (2012). "Causative Marking in Resígaro (Arawakan): A Descriptive and Comparative Perspective". International Journal of American Linguistics 78 (3): 369–384. DOI:10.1086/665917.
1 2 3 4 Aikhenvald (1 January 1998). "Review of Vocabulario Piapoco-Español; Bosquejo del Macuna: Aspectos de la cultura material de los macunas--Fonología; Gramática...; Gramática Pedagógica del Cuiba-Wámonae: Lengua indígena de la familia lingüística guahiba de los llanos orientales". International Journal of American Linguistics 64 (2): 168–173. DOI:10.1086/466355.
1 2 Klumpp (1 January 1983). "Relative Clauses in Piapoco". International Journal of American Linguistics 49 (4): 388–399. DOI:10.1086/465801.
1 2 Did you know Piapoco is threatened?. Endangered Languages. Archived from the original on 2017-10-08. Retrieved on 2017-04-30.
↑ Klumpp, D. (1990). Piapoco Grammar. 1-136. Retrieved March 9, 2017, from https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/18810 Archived 2017-11-15 at the Wayback Machine Ọ bụrụ na ọtụtụ mmadụ ezute asụsụ ọzọ ma mara ya nke ọma, asụsụ ha na-adị ka nke ọzọ..<ref name="auto4">Aikhenvald (1 January 2003). "Mechanisms of Change in Areal Diffusion: New Morphology and Language Contact". Journal of Linguistics 39 (1): 1–29. DOI:10.1017/s0022226702001937.
↑ Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (1 January 2003). "Mechanisms of Change in Areal Diffusion: New Morphology and Language Contact". Journal of Linguistics 39 (1): 1–29. DOI:10.1017/s0022226702001937.
↑ Klumpp (2019). A Grammar of Piapoco. SIL International.

Klumpp (2019). in Hollenbach: A Grammar of Piapoco, SIL eBook 71. SIL International.

[1] Seifart (2012). "Causative Marking in Resígaro (Arawakan): A Descriptive and Comparative Perspective". International Journal of American Linguistics 78 (3): 369–384. DOI:10.1086/665917.

[auto-2] 1 2 3 4 Aikhenvald (1 January 1998). "Review of Vocabulario Piapoco-Español; Bosquejo del Macuna: Aspectos de la cultura material de los macunas--Fonología; Gramática...; Gramática Pedagógica del Cuiba-Wámonae: Lengua indígena de la familia lingüística guahiba de los llanos orientales". International Journal of American Linguistics 64 (2): 168–173. DOI:10.1086/466355.

[auto1-3] 1 2 Klumpp (1 January 1983). "Relative Clauses in Piapoco". International Journal of American Linguistics 49 (4): 388–399. DOI:10.1086/465801.

[auto5-4] 1 2 Did you know Piapoco is threatened?. Endangered Languages. Archived from the original on 2017-10-08. Retrieved on 2017-04-30.

[auto3-5] Klumpp, D. (1990). Piapoco Grammar. 1-136. Retrieved March 9, 2017, from https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/18810 Archived 2017-11-15 at the Wayback Machine Ọ bụrụ na ọtụtụ mmadụ ezute asụsụ ọzọ ma mara ya nke ọma, asụsụ ha na-adị ka nke ọzọ..<ref name="auto4">Aikhenvald (1 January 2003). "Mechanisms of Change in Areal Diffusion: New Morphology and Language Contact". Journal of Linguistics 39 (1): 1–29. DOI:10.1017/s0022226702001937.

[auto4-6] Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (1 January 2003). "Mechanisms of Change in Areal Diffusion: New Morphology and Language Contact". Journal of Linguistics 39 (1): 1–29. DOI:10.1017/s0022226702001937.

[7] Klumpp (2019). A Grammar of Piapoco. SIL International.

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