Diamond League
Current season, competition or edition: 2026 Diamond League | |
 | |
| Sport | Athletics |
|---|---|
| Founded | 2010 |
| CEO | Petr Stastny[1] |
| Continent | Europe, Asia, North America, Africa |
| Official website | diamondleague.com |
The Diamond League is an annual series of elite track and field athletic competitions comprising fifteen invitational athletics meetings. The series sits in the top tier of the World Athletics one-day meet competitions.
The inaugural season was in 2010.[2] It was designed to replace the IAAF Golden League, which had been held annually since 1998.[3] The full sponsorship name is the Wanda Diamond League, the result of an agreement with Wanda Group that was announced in December 2019.[4]
While the Golden League was formed to increase the profile of the leading European athletics competitions, the Diamond League's aim is to "enhance the worldwide appeal of athletics by going outside Europe for the first time."[2] In addition to the original Golden League members (except Berlin) and other traditional European competitions, the series now includes events in China, Qatar, Morocco, and the United States.
Beginning in March 2022, after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Diamond League excluded Russian and Belarusian athletes from all of its track and field meetings.[5]
Editions
[edit]| Edition | Year | Meets | Diamond Disciplines |
Start date | End date | Doha | Shanghai (Suzhou / Shaoxing) | Oslo | Rome (Florence) | New York | Eugene (Stanford) | Lausanne | Great Britain | Paris | Monaco | Stockholm | London (Glasgow / Gateshead / Birmingham) | Zurich | Brussels | Rabat (Marrakesh) | Chorzów (Silesia) | Xiamen |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2010 | 14 | 32 | 14 May | 27 August | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | N/a | N/a | N/a |
| 2 | 2011 | 14 | 32 | 6 May | 16 September | 1 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | N/a | N/a | N/a |
| 3 | 2012 | 14 | 32 | 11 May | 7 September | 1 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 11 | 12 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 7 | 13 | 14 | N/a | N/a | N/a |
| 4 | 2013 | 14 | 32 | 10 May | 6 September | 1 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 11 | 13 | 14 | N/a | N/a | N/a |
| 5 | 2014 | 14 | 32 | 9 May | 5 September | 1 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 3 | 7 | 12 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 13 | 14 | N/a | N/a | N/a |
| 6 | 2015 | 14 | 32 | 15 May | 11 September | 1 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 7 | 3 | 9 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 11 | 13 | 14 | N/a | N/a | N/a |
| 7 | 2016 | 14 | 32 | 6 May | 9 September | 1 | 2 | 7 | 5 | N/a | 4 | 11 | 6 | 12 | 9 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 3 | N/a | N/a |
| 8 | 2017 | 14 | 32 | 5 May | 1 September | 1 | 2 | 5 | 4 | N/a | 3 | 8 | 12 | 7 | 11 | 6 | 9 | 13 | 14 | 10 | N/a | N/a |
| 9 | 2018 | 14 | 32 | 4 May | 31 August | 1 | 2 | 5 | 4 | N/a | 3 | 8 | 12 | 7 | 10 | 6 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 9 | N/a | N/a |
| 10 | 2019 | 14 | 32 | 3 May | 6 September | 1 | 2 | 5 | 4 | N/a | 7 | 8 | 11 | 12 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 6 | N/a | N/a |
| 11 | 2020 | 8 | 11 June | 25 September | 8 | N/a | 1 | 7 | N/a | N/a | 5 | N/a | N/a | 3 | 4 | N/a | 2 | 6 | N/a | N/a | N/a | |
| 12 | 2021 | 14 | 32 | 23 May | 9 September | 2 | N/a | 4 | 3 | N/a | 8 | 9 | 1 | 10 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 12 | 11 | N/a | N/a | N/a |
| 13 | 2022 | 13 | 32 | 13 May | 8 September | 1 | N/a | 6 | 5 | N/a | 3 | 11 | N/a | 7 | 10 | 8 | 2 | 13 | 12 | 4 | 9 | N/a |
| 14 | 2023 | 14 | 32 | 5 May | 17 September | 1 | N/a | 5 | 3 | N/a | 14 | 6 | N/a | 4 | 9 | 7 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 2 | 8 | 12 |
| 15 | 2024 | 15 | 32 | 20 April | 14 September | 3 | 2 | 6 | 13 | N/a | 5 | 11 | N/a | 8 | 9 | 7 | 10 | 14 | 15 | 4 | 12 | 1 |
| 16 | 2025 | 15 | 32 | 26 April | 28 August | 3 | 2 | 6 | 5 | N/a | 9 | 13 | N/a | 8 | 10 | 7 | 11 | 15 | 14 | 4 | 12 | 1 |
| 17 | 2026 | 15 | 32 | 8 May | 6 September | 7 | 1 | 6 | 4 | N/a | 9 | 12 | N/a | 8 | 10 | 5 | 11 | 14 | 15 | 3 | 13 | 2 |
| 18 | 2027 | 15 | 32 | 30 April | 27 August | 1 | 2 | 7 | 6 | N/a | 5 | 13 | N/a | 9 | 10 | 8 | 11 | 15 | 14 | 4 | 12 | 3 |
The number in the table represents the order in which the meeting took place.
Format
[edit]Scoring system
[edit]The original Diamond League scoring system, used from 2010 to 2015, awarded points to the top three athletes at each meeting (4 points for first place; 2 points for second place; 1 point for third place). Each of the thirty-two disciplines (sixteen each for male and female athletes) was staged a total of seven times during the season; points scored in the final meeting for that discipline (either Zürich or Brussels) were doubled. The athletes who finished the season with the highest number of points in their discipline won the "Diamond Race"; in case of a tie on points, the number of victories was used as the first tie-breaker, followed by the results of the final. Only athletes who competed in their discipline's final meeting were eligible to win the Diamond Race. In 2016 scoring was expanded to the top six (10–6–4–3–2–1); double points (20–12–8–6–4–2) were still awarded in the event finals.[6]
A completely new system was introduced in 2017; the top eight athletes at each meeting are now awarded points (8–7–6–5–4–3–2–1), but these points only determine which athletes qualify for the discipline finals in Zürich and Brussels. The athletes who win at the finals are declared IAAF Diamond League Champions, and the allocation of the overall prize money is likewise determined solely by the results of the final.[7] This system, with the winner of the final automatically winning the overall championship, is similar to the former IAAF Grand Prix circuit with its Grand Prix Final.[8] As part of the scoring changes, the term 'Diamond Race' is no longer used. Instead, athletes compete in 'Diamond Disciplines' to become the Diamond League champion.
After the 2019 season, the final format changed from being held by two separate meets to one meet.[9]
Pandemic season
[edit]In March 2019 the president of the IAAF, Sebastian Coe, announced changes in the Diamond League's format for the 2020 series. The number of Diamond Disciplines was reduced from 32 to 24 and a second Chinese meet was added to the calendar. The dual final format was replaced by a single final.[10][11] However, because of the COVID-19 pandemic, 7 of the originally planned 15 meets were cancelled, the season was delayed to June 10, only four or the meets had a full competitive program, and the final was cancelled with no champions crowned in 2020.[12] In December 2020, the 2021 Diamond League was announced to return with 32 disciplines and a two-hour broadcast window.[13]
"Final 3" format
[edit]In the "Final 3" format for horizontal jumping and throwing events, only the top-3 athletes after five rounds get a trial in the last round. Originally, only that final attempt then determined the ranking of the top-3 athletes, regardless of previous marks.[14] The format was first tested at two World Athletics Indoor Tour meetings in 2020 and received ample criticism from athletes prior to its first implementation in the Diamond League at the 2020 Bauhausgalan.[15][16]
Nonetheless in December 2020, the format was adopted throughout the 2021 Diamond League season, except for the final in Zürich.[17][18] World Athletics president Sebastian Coe defended the decision as an attempt to make "sure that we haven't got field events that are dying" by raising the stakes of the final round,[19] and made the comparison to track events where results in prior rounds are also not taken into consideration when ranking runners in the final.[20] Coe did however quell earlier concerns that the controversial format could also be adopted at the Olympic Games and World Championships,[21] and confirmed it would be reviewed at the end of the 2021 season.
In December 2021, the revised "Final 3" format was announced:[22][23] as before only the top-3 athletes after five rounds get a final trial, but all marks determine the ranking of those athletes rather than just their results in the last round. However, the competing order for rounds 4 and 5 and for round 6 is changed by descending marks in the preceding three resp. five rounds (contrary to the usual ascending order). This format continues to be used from the 2022 season onwards.[24]
Both the original and revised formats were the subject of academic studies into their effects on fairness[25] and jumping strategies.[26]
Meetings
[edit]All meetings since the event's inauguration have been held in the Northern Hemisphere in spring and summer months, in line with the traditional international track and field season.
- From 2011 to 2019 the British Grand Prix was held at the Alexander Stadium, Birmingham.
- The 2010 to 2016 Meeting de Paris was held at the Stade de France.
- In 2016 the Adidas Grand Prix in New York City was removed in favour of the Rabat leg (the first African meet of the series). The 2024 event was moved to Marrakesh Stadium in Marrakesh.
- The 2019 Prefontaine Classic moved from Eugene to Cobb Track and Angell Field in Stanford due to the reconstruction of Hayward Field.[27][28]
- The 2019 Doha Diamond League was held at Khalifa International Stadium.
- In 2021 and 2023, the Golden Gala moved from Rome to Stadio Luigi Ridolfi in Florence.[29]
- Meetings may hold non-Diamond League race events, e.g. the 10,000 m in Stockholm on 30 May 2019.[30]
- Diamond League meetings in Shanghai and Shenzhen were planned for 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023 but were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 2024 Diamond League Shanghai was moved to Suzhou Olympic Sports Centre in Suzhou. The 2025 Shanghai Diamond League was moved to Shaoxing China Textile City Sports Center in Shaoxing.
- A meeting in Chorzów was scheduled instead from 2022.[31]
- A meeting in Xiamen was scheduled instead from 2023.
Diamond League winners
[edit]Men's track
[edit]Men's field
[edit]Women's track
[edit]Women's field
[edit]Notes
[edit]a Athing Mu won the final as a national wild card so she was ineligible to win the Diamond League title, which went to runner-up Keely Hodgkinson[32]
Statistics
[edit]Legend
[edit]| Symbol/Column | Description |
|---|---|
| Best nation | |
| Second best nation | |
| Third best nation |
Countries by number of event winners
[edit]| Rank | Country | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | Total Individual |
Diamond League Record |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  United States
|
11 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 9 | 9 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 3 | 8 | 108 | 7 |
| 2 |  Kenya
|
7 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 66 | 4 |
| 3 |  Jamaica
|
1 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 30 | 5 |
| 4 |  Ethiopia
|
1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 19 | 2 |
| 5 |  Germany
|
– | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | – | – | 1 | 1 | 2 | – | – | – | 2 | 14 | 2 |
 Great Britain
|
– | 3 | 1 | 1 | – | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 1 | 1 | – | 14 | – | |
| 7 |  Czech Republic
|
1 | – | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | 12 | – |
| 8 |  France
|
2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | 11 | – |
 Netherlands
|
– | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 11 | 1 | |
| 10 |  Cuba
|
2 | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 2 | – | 1 | – | 1 | 1 | 10 | 1 |
| 11 |  Australia
|
– | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | – | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 9 | – |
 New Zealand
|
– | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 2 | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | 9 | 1 | |
 Sweden
|
– | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 1 | |
| 14 |  Croatia
|
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8 | 1 |
 Italy
|
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 8 | – | |
| 16 |  Botswana
|
– | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 7 | – |
 Greece
|
– | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | 7 | – | |
 Norway
|
1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 7 | – | |
| 19 |  Bahrain
|
– | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | 6 | – |
 Colombia
|
– | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6 | – | |
 Russia
|
1 | – | 2 | 2 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6 | – | |
 South Africa
|
– | – | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | 2 | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6 | 1 | |
 Ukraine
|
– | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 6 | 1 | |
| 25 |  Grenada
|
– | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 5 | – |
 Serbia
|
– | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | – | 5 | – | |
| 27 |  Bahamas
|
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | 4 | – |
 Brazil
|
1 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 4 | – | |
 Canada
|
1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | 4 | – | |
 China
|
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | 4 | – | |
 Poland
|
1 | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4 | – | |
 Spain
|
– | – | – | – | – | 1 | 2 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | 4 | – | |
 Panama
|
– | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | 4 | – | |
| 34 |  Dominican Republic
|
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | – |
 Estonia
|
– | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | – | |
 Lithuania
|
– | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 3 | – | |
 Nigeria
|
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | – | 3 | – | |
 Portugal
|
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | 3 | – | |
 Puerto Rico
|
– | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | 3 | – | |
 Qatar
|
– | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | 1 | |
 Switzerland
|
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | 2 | 3 | – | |
 Venezuela
|
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | – | 3 | 1 | |
| 43 |  Belarus
|
1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | – |
 British Virgin Islands
|
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | – | |
 Kazakhstan
|
– | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | – | |
 Japan
|
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | 2 | – | |
 Saint Lucia
|
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | 2 | – | |
| 48 |  Belgium
|
– | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – |
 Burundi
|
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | |
 Djibouti
|
– | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | |
 Finland
|
– | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | |
 India
|
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – | |
 Ivory Coast
|
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | |
 Latvia
|
– | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | |
 Morocco
|
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – | |
 Namibia
|
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | |
 Slovenia
|
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | |
 South Korea
|
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | |
 Uganda
|
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | |
| NR |  Authorised Neutral Athletes
|
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | – | – | – | – | 8 | 1 |
Most titles by athlete
[edit]Multi event title winners
[edit]| Country | Name | Events | Type | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States |
Allyson Felix | 2 | 200 m 400 m |
2010, 2014, 2015 2010 |
| United States |
Carmelita Jeter | 2 | 100 m 200 m |
2010, 2011 2011 |
| Jamaica |
Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce | 2 | 100 m 200 m |
2012, 2013, 2015, 2022 2013 |
| Bahamas |
Shaunae Miller-Uibo | 2 | 200 m 400 m |
2017, 2018, 2019 2017 |
| Colombia |
Caterine Ibargüen | 2 | triple jump long jump |
2013–2016, 2018 2018 |
| Netherlands |
Sifan Hassan | 2 | 1500 m 5000 m |
2015, 2019 2019 |
| United States |
Noah Lyles | 2 | 200 m 100 m |
2017, 2018, 2019, 2022 2019 |
| United States |
Fred Kerley | 2 | 400 m 100 m |
2018 2021 |
| Norway |
Jakob Ingebrigtsen | 2 | 1500 m 5000 m |
2022, 2023, 2024 2023 |
| Jamaica |
Shericka Jackson | 2 | 200 m 100 m |
2022, 2023 2023 |
Perfect Diamond Races
[edit]| Year | Athlete | Country | Event | Wins |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | Blanka Vlašić | Croatia |
High jump | 7 |
| 2010 | Valerie Vili | New Zealand |
Shot put | 7 |
| 2013 | Sandra Perković | Croatia |
Discus throw | 7 |
| 2013 | Zuzana Hejnová | Czech Republic |
400 metres hurdles | 7 |
| 2014 | Valerie Adams | New Zealand |
Shot put | 7 |
| 2016 | Sandra Perković | Croatia |
Discus throw | 7 |
| 2017 | Mariya Lasitskene | Authorised Neutral Athletes |
High jump | 7 |
| 2018 | Caterine Ibargüen | Colombia |
Triple jump | 5 |
| 2021 | Daniel Ståhl | Sweden
|
Discus throw | 4 |
| 2022 | Kristjan Ceh | Slovenia
|
Discus throw | 5 |
| 2022 | Chase Ealey | United States
|
Shot put | 5 |
| 2025 | Valarie Allman | United States
|
Discus throw | 5 |
Diamond League records
[edit]Men
[edit]
Women
[edit]- WR: World Record – AR: Area Record – NR: National Record – OWB: Outdoor World Best
See also
[edit].jpg){kind=small}
References
[edit]- General
- Diamond League Records – Men 15 June 2023 updated
- Diamond League Records – Women 15 June 2023 updated
- Specific
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- ^ Rowbottom, Mike (28 September 2020). "Rule change opens way for controversial "Final Three" long jump format at Olympics and World Championships". Inside the Games. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2025.
- ^ "Revised 'final 3' format approved for horizontal jumps and throws in 2022 Wanda Diamond League season". World Athletics. 15 December 2021. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2025.
- ^ Adams, Tim (15 December 2021). "Diamond League final three format changed". Athletics Weekly. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2025.
- ^ "Diamond League Meetings Regulations 2022 Status Requirements". World Athletics. p. section 5.7. Retrieved 30 April 2025.
- ^ Wolf-Root, Alex; Cody, Kelsey C. (7 July 2022). "When the Longest Jump Doesn't Win the Long Jump: Against World Athletics' Final 3". Fair Play. Revista de Filosofía, Ética y Derecho del deporte (22): 75–88. Retrieved 30 April 2025.
- ^ Karlsson, Niklas; Lunander, Anders (1 September 2024). "The strategic jump-the order effect on winning "The Final Three" in long jump competitions". Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports. 20 (3): 265–276. doi:10.1515/jqas-2022-0028. hdl:10419/262157. ISSN 1559-0410. Retrieved 30 April 2025.
- ^ Anne Francis (21 January 2019). "Prefontaine Classic to move to Stanford for 2019". Canadian Running Magazine. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
- ^ "Naples to host Golden Gala Pietro Mennea in 2020". World Athletics. 10 January 2020. Archived from the original on 13 September 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
- ^ "Strong Wanda Diamond League 2021 season takes shape in Olympic year". IDL Diamond League. Archived from the original on 2021-04-21. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
- ^ "Stockholm: Fighting Difficult Conditions, Kipruto and Stahl Impress". IDL Diamond League. Archived from the original on 2019-05-31. Retrieved 2019-05-31.
- ^ "Wanda Diamond League in Silesia to feature 100m and 400m double bill | NEWS | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Archived from the original on 2022-06-18. Retrieved 2022-06-18.
- ^ "Explainer: Wild Cards In The WDL Final". Diamond League. 13 September 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
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