Cognitive Science

Background. Walking-related disability is the most frequent reason for inpatient stroke rehabilitation. Task-related practice is a critical component for improving patient outcomes. Objective. To test the feasibility of providing quantitative feedback about daily walking performance and motivating greater skills practice via remote sensing. Methods. In this phase III randomized, single blind clinical trial, patients participated in conventional therapies while wearing wireless sensors (triaxial accelerometers) at both ankles. Activity-recognition algorithms calculated the speed, distance, and duration of walking bouts. Three times a week, therapists provided either feedback about performance on a 10-meter walk (speed only) or walking speed feedback plus a review of walking activity recorded by the sensors (augmented). Primary outcomes at discharge included total daily walking time, derived from the sensors, and a timed 15-meter walk. Results. Sixteen rehabilitation centers in 11 cou...

The purpose of this article is to outline a prescriptive eclectic model of psychotherapy training. We begin with an overview of our approach to integration and describe our current efforts in training psychotherapists. Ten core, research-based principles for facilitating ...

Clinical utility research is concerned with how one develops knowledge that can be directly used for improving clinical practice. Some have referred to this domain as "effectiveness" research, but clinical utility implies much more than clinical effectiveness. It also addresses issues of access, transferability, sample specificity, and the uniqueness of each human condition. This special series of papers describe several research programs that have been conducted in applied settings and that illustrate research on clinical utility. These descriptions are modestly representative of the wide applicability of research methods that address the uniqueness of each setting and population and the nature of findings that can be used to guide clinical practice. The papers bridge cultures, countries, settings, and problems. They illustrate some of the advantages of, and some of the knowledge to be gained from conducting controlled research in settings that are devoted to clinical service.

... Beutler, Harwood, et al., in press; Beutler, Mohr, Grawe, Engle, MacDonald, 1991; Beutler, Moleiro, & Talebi, in press; Cooney et al ... In a recent study of patients with comorbid depression and chemical abuse problems, Beutler, Moleiro, Malik, and Harwood (2000) inspected the ...

The very structure and control that formed the reason for developing treatment manuals have now become their most frequently criticized characteristic. Carroll and Nuro (this issue) continue this critique and rightly call for ways to increase the flexibility in the processes used to develop treatment manuals. But it is insufficient to be flexible during the process of developing the manual. It is also necessary to find ways to increase the flexibility of selecting and applying the treatment procedures themselves. Offering therapists options in the selection and use of techniques can be accomplished by focusing more on the principles of therapeutic change than on theories of psychotherapy or the applications of techniques. This paper announces a Presidential Initiative from the Society for Clinical Psychology (Division 1 2) of the American Psychological Association (APA), which is designed to identify integrative and crosscutting principles of therapeutic change. It is hoped that this initiative will further foster the development of flexibility without sacrificing the basis of sound empirical support.

... Each item is ac companied by a 5-point scale ranging from "Very true of me" to "Not at all true of me." The items are assigned to one of four scales. Two of the scales describe instrumental, agentic traits that stereotypically are as ...

Abstract Code-switching is a complete shift to another language for a word, phrase, sentence, or utterance or borrowing a word from another language and integrating it into the base language. Munhoa (1997) studied pragmatic functions among normal Basque-Spanish bilinguals and concluded that Basque-Spanish bilinguals use code-switching for a wide variety of purposes. The present study focuses on the discourse functions of code-switching among normal Kannada-English and Malayalam-English bilingual adults. Six Kannada-English and 6 Malayalam-English bilingual speakers were studied. Speech samples were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed for the presence of different code-switching patterns, such as intersentential code-switching, intrasentential code-switching, tag-switching, and borrowing. Results revealed intrasentential code-switching is commonly seen among the subjects followed by borrowing, tag-switching, and intersentential switching. These types of switching to L2 could be due to the English educational background of subjects, linguistic motivation, lack of technical terms in native languages, and the fact that English might express the message better. The present study contributes to a better understanding of code-switching as a bilingual phenomenon in general and gives an overview of Kannada-English and Malayalam-English bilingualism. To validate these results, more bilinguals should be studied across various Indian languages.

This paper presents a formal definition for a number of distinct cases where the preposition "em" (in) can be applied in Brazilian Portuguese. The aim of this work is to establish a mathematical model using qualitative spatial reasoning formalisms within the idea of precisification from supervaluation semantics. Our long term goal is to implement this model into artificial intelligent systems to allow for seamless communication with humans in a common speech.

One can support O'Regan & Noë's (O&N's) commitment to the active nature of vision and the importance of sensorimotor contingencies without joining them in rejecting any significant role for neurally realized visual representations in the process.