Anthrax
Anthrax kamuwa ne da kwayar cuta Bacillus anthracis ko Bacillus cereus biovar anthracs.[1] Cutar yawanci tana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗa da fata, numfashi, ko shan hanji.[2] Alamar ta fara ne tsakanin rana daya zuwa watanni biyu bayan kamuwa da cutar.[3] Tsarin fata yana gabatar da ƙaramin ƙuƙwalwa tare da kumburi da ke kewaye da shi wanda sau da yawa yakan juya zuwa cututtukan da ba su da zafi tare da cibiyar baƙar fata.[3] Hanyar numfashi tana da zazzabi, ciwon kirji, da gajeren numfashi.[3] Tsarin hanji yana da zawo (wanda zai iya ƙunsar jini), ciwon ciki, ƙishirwa, da amai.[3]
A cewar Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka na Amurka, Maret ne ya ba da bayanin asibiti na farko na cututtukan cututtukat a cikin 1752 da Fournier a cikin 1769. [4] Kafin wannan, an bayyana anthrax ne kawai a cikin tarihin tarihi. Masanin kimiyya na Jamus Robert Koch shine na farko da ya gano Bacillus anthracis a matsayin kwayar cuta da ke haifar da anthrax.[4]
Anthrax yana yaduwa ta hanyar hulɗa da ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda galibi suna bayyana a cikin samfuran dabbobi masu kamuwa da cuta.[1] Saduwa ya haɗa da numfashi, cin abinci, ko ta hanyar wani yanki na fatar da ta karye.[1] Ba ya yaduwa kai tsaye tsakanin mutane.[1] Mutanen da ke cikin haɗari sun haɗa da mutanen da ke aiki tare da dabbobi ko kayan dabbobi da ma'aikatan soja.[2] Ana iya tabbatar da ganewar asali ta hanyar gano magungunan rigakafi ko guba a cikin jini ko ta hanyar al'adu samfurin daga wurin da ya kamu da cutar.[3]
Ana ba da shawarar allurar rigakafin anthrax ga mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cuta.[5] Ana ba da shawarar rigakafin dabbobi game da anthrax a yankunan da suka faru a baya.[6] Hanyar watanni biyu na maganin rigakafi kamar ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin da doxycycline bayan fallasawa na iya hana kamuwa da cuta.[7] Idan kamuwa da cuta ta faru, magani yana da maganin rigakafi kuma mai yiwuwa antitoxin.[8] Nau'in da yawan maganin rigakafi da aka yi amfani da su sun dogara da nau'in kamuwa da cuta.[7] Ana ba da shawarar maganin antitoxin ga waɗanda ke da yaduwar kamuwa da cuta.[7]
Cutar da ba a saba gani ba, anthrax na mutum ya fi yawa a Afirka da tsakiya da kudancin Asiya.[1] Yana faruwa akai-akai a Kudancin Turai fiye da sauran wurare a nahiyar kuma ba a saba gani ba a Arewacin Turai da Arewacin Amurka.[2] A duniya, akalla mutane 2,000 suna faruwa a shekara, tare da kimanin mutane biyu a shekara a Amurka.[3][4] Cututtukan fata suna wakiltar fiye da 95% na shari'o'in.[5] Ba tare da magani ba hadarin mutuwa daga cututtukan fata shine 23.7%.[6] Don kamuwa da hanji haɗarin mutuwa shine 25 zuwa 75%, yayin da ƙwaƙwalwar numfashi tana da mutuwa na 50 zuwa 80%, koda tare da magani.[6][5] Har zuwa karni na 20, kamuwa da cutar anthrax ta kashe daruruwan dubban mutane da dabbobi a kowace shekara.[7] A cikin dabbobi masu cin ganyayyaki, kamuwa da cuta yana faruwa ne lokacin da suke cin abinci ko numfashi a cikin kwayoyin yayin kiwo.[1] Mutane na iya kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar kashewa da / ko cin dabbobi masu kamuwa da cutar.[1]
Kasashe da yawa da Ƙungiyoyin da ba na jihar ba An haɓaka anthrax a matsayin makami.[9] An yi amfani da shi a cikin biowarfare da Ta'addanci tun 1916. Hanyoyin isar da aka yi amfani da su na anthrax sun haɗa da watsa iska ko watsawa ta hanyar dabbobi. A yakin duniya na biyu, an haɓaka shi kuma an yi amfani da shi ta Daular Japan ta Unit 731 a kan China, kuma an bincika shi ta hanyar shirin Burtaniya a kan Nazi Jamus. Shirin Soviet, Amurka, da makamai masu guba na Iraqi sun haɓaka nau'ikan makamai masu amfani da makamai. A shekara ta 1975, Yarjejeniyar Makamai ta Biological ta haramta "ci gaba, samarwa da adanawa" na makamai masu guba. Tun daga lokacin an yi amfani da shi a cikin ta'addanci, gami da hare-haren anthrax na 2001 a Amurka da kuma wani abin da ya faru a 1993 ta ƙungiyar Aum Shinrikyo ta yi a Japan.
Magana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sunan Ingilishi ya fito ne daga anthrax, kalmar Helenanci don kwal, mai yiwuwa yana da asalin Masar, saboda halayyar fata fata fata da ke da cututtukan anthrax. Tsakiyar baƙar fata da ke kewaye da jan fata mai haske an san shi da daɗewa a matsayin alamar cutar. Amfani na farko da aka rubuta na kalmar "anthrax" a cikin Turanci yana cikin fassarar 1398 na aikin Bartholomaeus Anglicus De proprietatibus rerum (A kan Properties of Things, 1240).
An san Anthrax a tarihi da sunaye iri-iri, suna nuna alamun sa, wuri, da kungiyoyin da aka fi sani da kamuwa da cuta. Sun hada da annoba ta Siberiya, cutar Cumberland, gawayi, zazzabi, mummunar edema, cutar woolsorter da cutar Bradford .
Alamomi da alamomi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Fata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
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Cutaneous anthrax, wanda aka fi sani da cututtukan ɓoye-ɓoye, shine lokacin da anthrax ya faru a fata. Shi ne mafi yawanci (>90% na shari'o'in) kuma mafi ƙarancin haɗari (ƙananan mutuwa tare da magani, 23.7% mutuwa ba tare da).[1][2] Cutaneous anthrax ya gabatar da shi azaman sautin fata mai kama da tafasa wanda a ƙarshe ya samar da ulcer tare da cibiyar baki (Eschar). Black eschar sau da yawa yana nunawa a matsayin babban, ba tare da ciwo ba, necrotic ulcer (farawa a matsayin rauni mai banƙyama da ƙishirwa ko ƙishirwa wanda yake duhu kuma yawanci yana mai da hankali a matsayin baƙar fata, (kamar gurasar gurasa) a wurin kamuwa da cuta. Gabaɗaya, cututtukan fata suna samuwa a cikin shafin da ke shiga cikin spore kwana biyu zuwa biyar bayan fallasawa. Ba kamar rauni ko yawancin sauran cututtuka ba, cututtukan cututtukani na cututtukano ba sa haifar da ciwo. Ƙungiyoyin lymph da ke kusa na iya kamuwa da cuta, ja, kumbura, da zafi. Wani scab ya samo asali a kan raunin nan da nan, kuma ya fadi cikin 'yan makonni. Cikakken warkewa na iya ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo.[3] An samo anthrax na fata ne lokacin da B. anthracis spores suka shiga ta hanyar yankan fata. Wannan nau'in ana samun sa ne a lokacin da mutane ke kula da dabbobi masu kamuwa da cuta da / ko kayan dabbobi.[4]
Allura
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2009, barkewar cutar anthrax ta faru tsakanin masu amfani da heroin a yankunan Glasgow da Stirling na Scotland, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutane 14. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka rubuta a rubuce-rubuce na anthrax na mutum ba tare da aiki ba a Burtaniya tun 1960. [10] An yi imanin cewa tushen anthrax shine narkewar heroin tare da Abincin ƙashi a Afghanistan. An yi allurar anthrax na iya samun alamun da suka yi kama da cutaneous anthrax, ban da wuraren baƙar fata, kuma yana iya haifar da kamuwa da cuta a cikin tsoka kuma ya bazu da sauri. [11][12] Wannan na iya sa ya zama da wuya a gane shi kuma a bi da shi.
Hunhu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Inhalation anthrax yawanci yana tasowa a cikin mako guda bayan fallasawa, amma yana iya ɗaukar har zuwa watanni 2.[13] A cikin 'yan kwanakin farko na rashin lafiya, yawancin mutane suna da zazzabi, sanyi, da gajiya.[13] Wadannan alamun na iya kasancewa tare da tari, gajeren numfashi, ciwon kirji, da ƙishirwa ko amai, yana sa inhalation anthrax ya zama da wahala a rarrabe shi daga mura da cutar huhu da aka samu a cikin al'umma.[13] Sau da yawa ana bayyana wannan a matsayin lokacin prodromal.
Kashegari ko haka, gajeren numfashi, tari, da ciwon kirji sun zama ruwan dare gama gari, kuma korafe-korafe da ba su shafi kirji ba kamar ƙishirwa, amai, canza yanayin tunani, gumi, da ciwo suna tasowa a cikin kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku ko fiye na mutane.[1] Alamun hanyar numfashi na sama suna faruwa a cikin kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na mutane, kuma ciwon tsoka yana da wuya.[1] Canjin yanayin tunani ko gajeren numfashi yawanci yana kawo mutane zuwa kiwon lafiya kuma yana nuna alamar rashin lafiya.[1]
Yana kamuwa da lymph nodes a cikin kirji da farko, maimakon huhu da kansu, yanayin da ake kira hemorrhagic Mediastinitis, wanda ke haifar da ruwan jini ya tara a cikin kirjin, don haka yana haifar da gajeren numfashi. Mataki na biyu (pneumonia) yana faruwa ne lokacin da kamuwa da cuta ta bazu daga lymph nodes zuwa huhu. Alamomin mataki na biyu suna tasowa ba zato ba tsammani cikin sa'o'i ko kwanaki bayan mataki na farko. Alamomin sun haɗa da zazzabi mai tsanani, matsanancin gajeren numfashi, firgici, da saurin mutuwa a cikin awanni 48 a cikin masu mutuwa.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Basic Information What is anthrax?". CDC. 1 September 2015. Archived from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
- ↑ "Types of Anthrax". CDC. 21 July 2024. Archived from the original on 11 May 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
- 1 2 3 4 "Symptoms". CDC. 23 July 2014. Archived from the original on 11 May 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
- 1 2 Mikesell, P.; Ivins, B. E.; Ristroph, J. D.; Vodkin, M. H.; Dreier, T. M.; Leppla, S. H. (1983). "Plasmids, Pasteur, and anthrax". ASM News. 49 (7).
- ↑ "Who Is at Risk". CDC. 1 September 2015. Archived from the original on 11 May 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
- ↑ "How People Are Infected". CDC. 1 September 2015. Archived from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
- 1 2 3 Hendricks KA, Wright ME, Shadomy SV, Bradley JS, Morrow MG, Pavia AT, Rubinstein E, Holty JE, Messonnier NE, Smith TL, Pesik N, Treadwell TA, Bower WA (February 2014). "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention expert panel meetings on prevention and treatment of anthrax in adults". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 20 (2). doi:10.3201/eid2002.130687. PMC 3901462. PMID 24447897.
- ↑ "Treatment". CDC. 14 January 2016. Archived from the original on 11 May 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
- ↑ "Anthrax". FDA. 17 June 2015. Archived from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named ":2". - ↑ "Anthrax – Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
- ↑ "Injection Anthrax | Anthrax | CDC". www.cdc.gov (in Turanci). 2019-01-28. Archived from the original on 16 September 2020. Retrieved 2020-09-16.
- 1 2 3 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "Yellow2020".
