UbuKristu

isiThombe esiveza uJesu ngomqele wameva, ebethelelwe esiphambanweni. Kunesiphawu phezu kwakhe esilotshwe "INRI", isimfushisano samazwi esiLatin ("Iesus Nazarenus, Rex Iudaeorum") esichaza "uJesu waseNazaretha, iNkosi yamaJuda"

UbuKristu buyinkolo eqhamuka eMpakathi-Mpumalanga ekholelwa kuNkulunkulu oyedwa. Ihlukile kwezinye izinkolo eyihlobene nazo (ekuthiwa yizinkolo zika-Abrahama) ngokuba ikholelwa ekutheni uNkulunkulu unezinxenye ezintathu: uYise, iNdodana noMoya oyiNgcwele. UbuKristu bucike ekutheni uNkulunkulu iNdodana (owaziwa futhi njengeLizwi likaNkulunkulu) kwakunguJesu Kristu, owayengumuntu noNkulunkulu ngesikhathi sinye, owabethelwa esiphambanweni njengesinikelo sezono zabantu ukubasindisa ekubhubheni esiHogweni. AmaKristu bakholwa ukuthi uJesu Kristu waphawulwa eTestamenteni Elidala, impilo yakhe yalotshwa eTestamenteni Elisha, nokuthi uzobuya ahluthe abantu bakhe aphinde anqobe iSitha esiKhulu esizoletha izikhathi zobuhlungu emhlabeni.

Abafundi bakhe bashumayele ubuKristu eNdiya, eTophiya, eYuropu, naseMpakathi-Mpumalanga. Bebacindezelwa ngamaJuda namaRoma. iNkosi yamaRoma, uConstantine oMkhulu waphendukela ebuKristini futhi waqeda ukucindezelwa kwamaKristu embusweni wamaRoma. iNkosi yamaRoma, uTheodosius wokuQala, wamisa ubuKristu njengenkolo esemthethweni yaseRoma. Ngo-1045, amabandla waseMpumalanga wombuso wamaRoma (owaziwa namhlanje nge-Eastern Orthodox Church) aphule ubudlelwane namabandla waseNtshonalanga ngenxa yokuxabana nokuphikisana mayelana izindaba ezihlukile. Ngezi-1500, uMartin Luther, eJalimani, ubhikishe ibandla laseRoma ngenxa yokukhohlakala njengokudayisa insindiso —ngalokho kwasungulwa ibandla ekuthiwa lama-Protestant.

UbuKristu bulethwe eNingizimu Afrika ebantwini abansundu ngabelungu baseNetherlands ngezi-1650 abalethe i-Dutch Reformed Church. Incwadi yokukholwa yobuKristu, iBhayibheli, yahumushwa ngesiZulu ngezi-1880. AbaNgisi balethe i-Anglicanism ngezi-1790. Ibandla lokuqala lobuKristu eNingizimu Afrika elisungulwe ngabantu abansundu kwakuyi-Thembu National Church. Ibandla le-Zion Christian Church, elasungulwa ngezi-1920 ngu-Engenas Lekganyane liyibandla elinkulu kunazo zonke eNingizimu Afrika ngobuningi bamalunga wayo. Namhlanje, ubuKristu yinkolo yokuqala ngobuningi lwenani labantu abakholelwa kuyo; Islamu ilandela ngasemuva. UbuKristu bubalulekile eNingizimu Afrika, ngesibonelo, izintsuku zePhasika neKhisimusi sigujwa isizwe sonke.

Umlando

iPhepha elindala nazo zonke ekwalotshwa iTestamente Elisha kulo ngezi-250 AD

uJesu wayezalwa iminyaka eyindlula izinkulungwane ezimbili ezandlule eJudeya owabulawa ngemva kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu. Abacwaningi bayavumelana ukuthi wayengumuntu ngempela futhi wayeshumeyela eJudeya, eSamariya naseGalili, futhi bayavumelana ukuthi wabulawa. Kodwa, bayaphikisana ngokuthi wayeyenza izimanga, ukuthi wayenyukela ezulwini noma ukuthi wavuka kwabafileyo. Noma kunjalo, abafundi bakhe bashumayela ngaye emazwini ekude. uJakobe, uJohane noPhitha bahloma amabandla eJudeya naseSiriya njengezintsika ezintathu zokuqala zebandla yobuKristu. Amalungu webandla lasekuqaleni wayengamaJuda kodwa abasemazweni ebabemusaba uNkulunkulu babefuna ukuphendukela ebuKristini nokungena ebandleni likaJesu. Lokhu kwadalela amaKristu abengamaJuda izinkinga ngoba bebaphoqelela ukuthi abantu landele imigomo, amasiko nemithetho yamaJuda.

uPawuli owayengummeli owagxeka futhi wahlukumeza abakholwa waphendukela ebuKristini ehamba emgwaqeni waseDamasiki. Ekungeneleleni kwebandla likaJesu, wayeletha ixazululo ekuhlanganeni kwamaJuda namaGreki abebangamakholwa, ngokufundisa ukukholwa kuJesu nokwamkelwa kwabantu abangasibona amaJuda ensindisweni. Imisebenzi yakhe yayibalulekile ekuhlukaniseni kwobuKristu nobuJuda nokuhlonywa kwamabandla embusweni wamaRoma ezindaweni ezifana nase-Efesu, eKorinte, eKolose, eThesaloniki nezinye izindawo. Kodwa, ekwandeni nokukhula kwebandla, abakholwa babehlukunyenzwa ngamaRoma: uPhitha, uFilipi no-Andrew babulawe ngokubethelwa esiphambanweni, uStefanu wabulawa ngokujikijelwa ngamatshe noJakobe, iNdodana kaZebedi owabulawa ngenkemba.

isiTeshu sekhanda sikaConstantine oMkhulu

INkosi uTiridates wesi-III umise ubuKristu e-Armenia njengenkolo ngokomthetho, lokhu kwenza i-Armenia ilizwe lokuqala emhlabeni elaphendukela ebuKristini eminyakeni eyingamakhulu amane ngemva kokuzalwa kukaJesu (AD). Kanye kanye, u-Constantine oMkhulu, iNkosi yamaRoma, yaqeda ukuhlukunyezwa kwamaKristu embusweni wakhe ngokukhipha isimemezelo saseMilani naseSerdica. uConstantine usebenza ukuhlanganisa uMkhandlu wokuQala waseNisiya ukuze kuxazululwe iminxabano yezenkolelo zamaKristu nokugxeka izimfundiso zeArianizimu (iphiko lobuKristu olungamkeli ubuziquzintathu bukaNkulunkulu).

iNkosi yamaRoma uTheodosius woku-I, umise ubuKristu njengenkolo esemthethweni yamaRoma. Ngenxa kwalokho ubuKristu banda ngokushesha eYuropu, neDuze-Mpumakanga naseNyakatho Afrika. UbuKristu bafika nasezindaweni ezikude zaseRoma njengeThopiya, eNdiya, eGaliya, naseBulithani. Ngeminyaka eyingamakhulu ayinhlanu AD, umbuso wamaRoma wagqamulwa ngaphakathi ezingxenyeni zimbili zaseNtshona-naseMpumalanga, kodwa ubuKristu babuqinile kangangokuthi uPapa (umbhishobhi omkhulu webandla labaKristu baseRoma) uLeo wayexoxisana namaHani (isizwe sase-Eshiya) namaVandali (isizwe samaJalimani). AmaRoma waseMpumalanga (isiqonga sabo siseConstantinople) waqala ukuveza izimpawu zokuhlukana ngokuxabana namaKristu waseNtshonalanga mayelana ukuphathwa kwesonto nokuhlonishwa kwezithombe.

isiThombe sikaMartin Luther, umsunguli wenguquko yabaphikisi

Kusukela iminyaka eyingamakhulu ayisikhombisa AD kufikela iminyaka eyingamakhulu ayishumi nantathu, kwakukhona ukuphikisana ngaphakathi kwabaKristu naseMpumalanga waseNtshonalanga, kodwa noma bezama ukukhulimisana ukuze kubenokuvumelana, ibandla laseMpuma lashaya isicathulo phantsi eMkhandlwini wesiBili waseLiyoni nasemkhandlwini waseFiorenza ukuthi ayisoze ithobele uPapa, umbhishobhi waseRoma, ngakho yaphula ubuhlobo, waguquka i-Eastern Orthodox Church. Eminyekeni eyingamakhulu eyishumi nanhlanu AD, uMartin Luther waloba iziMfundiso eziNgamashumi ayiSishiyagalolunye neSishiyagalolunye, ezasungula inguquko yabaphikisi (phecelezi, Protestant Reformation) ngenxa yokudayiswa kwokuxolelwa kwezono ngamaphristu.

AbaKhosana baseJalimani baphendukela ezimfundisweni zikaMartin Luther ngemva kokuxoshwa kwakhe nabafundi bakhe ebandleni labaKristu. Futhi, iNkosi yamaNgisi, uHenry wesi-VIII walandela ezinyathelweni zabo ngokuba uPapa uClement wesi-VII wala ukumvulema ukuthi ahlukane nenkosikazi yakhe. Noma uMaria wamaSkoti wazama ukubuyisa ubuKatholiki (inkokelo yaseRoma), uLizabethi woku-I wabuyisa ubuProtestant mhla enyukela esihlalweni sobukhosi eNgilandi. Lokhu kudale izimpi nokuhlukumenzana ngaphakathi kwamaKatholiki namaProtestant.

eFulansi kwaqala isigameko esikhulu sokuqala esasongela ubuKristu eYuropu: abashokobezi abamenule umbuso wamaBourbon ngezi-1700, bachitha amandla nesikhundla sesonto embusweni waseFulansi. Lokho kwadala umbono ekutheni ukukholwa kufanele kuhlukaniswe nokubuswa kwesizwe. AbaseMelika mabasungula Izizwe Ezihlangene zaseMelika, baqinisekisa ekushayiweni komthethosisekelo ukuthi umbuso ngeke umise iSonto linye njengenkolo esemthethweni yesizwe. Noma kunjalo, ubuKristu banda ngokunqotshwa ngabelungu kwabantu base-Afrika naseNingizimu Melika, naseKude Mpumalanga Eshiya.

uEngenas Lekganyane, umsunguli webandla laseZayoni

Ngezi-1910, kwakukhona umbhali odumile woCosulelwano uKarl Marx owafundisa ukuthi ukukholwa kuyisidakamiswa sokulawula iningi labantu. Lezimfundiso zasetshenziswa ngamaKomunisti baseRashiya ukumenula iNkosi yaseRashiya, uNicholas wesi-II nokucindezela iBandla laseRashiya nasezizweni ebazinqobile zaseMpumalanga Yuropu. UbuKristu banda ezizweni Futhi kwasungulwa amagatsha amasha njengobuPentecost. Ngezi-1900, uEngelas Lekganyane wasungula ibandla laseZayoni (Zion Christian Church) esifundazweni ekwakuseNyakatho Transvaal. U-Isaiah Shembe, owayaziwa njengeNyazi leZulu, usungule ibandla lamaNazaretha ngezi-1910, esifundazweni ekwakuseNatali.

Izinkolelo

isiThombe sokubhajadiswa kukaJesu Kristu ngoJohane uMbhabhadisi ngamanzi, nejuba eliphethe igatsha lomuthi womquma esimele uMoya oyiNgcwele eliveza ukubhabhadiswa lokuqala okwenyama nokwamoya ekulotshwe encwadini ngokukaMathewu 3:13-17, uMarku 1:9-11, noLukha 3:21-22

UbuKristu bucike ezimvumeni ezichaza isisekelo senkolo yabaKristu. Eyokuqala ithi: "uJesu uyiNkosi". Elandelayo evunyelwe ngawonke amaKristu ibizwa ngeMvumo yeNkolo yabaPhostoli echaza izintsika zenkolo njengokulandelayo:

• Ukukholwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu uYise, ungumninimandla onke, ungumdali wezulu nomhlaba
• Ukukholwa ukuthi uJesu Kristu owazalwa yintombinto uMaria, waphila emhlabeni emsulwa, eshumayela ivangeli, wahlukinyenzwa nguPontius Pilatu, wabulawa, wehla kwabangasekho, wavuka kwabafileyo, wanyukela ezulwini lapho wahlala kwesasokudla sikaYise, uyakubuya ehlulele abantu bonke abasekhona nabangasekho
• Ukukholwa kuMoya oyiNgcwele
• Ukukholwa ebandleni lakhe elingcwele nokuhlangana kwabangcwele
• Ukukholwa ekuxolelweni kwezono, ekuphileni okomzimba, nasekuphileni obungunaphakade

Imvumo yakwaNisiya iqhubeka ukuchaza inkolo yobuKristu ngokwandisela iMvuma yabaPhostoli ngokulandelayo:

• uJesu Kristu nguyena yedwa ndodana kaNkulunkulu eyazalwa (engabumnjwanga) yintombinto uMaria, iLizwi likaNkulunkulu elaphenduka inyama
• Ngaye, uNkulunkulu uYise wadala konke okukhona, okubonakalayo nokungabonakali
• uMoya oyiNgcwele uphuma kuNkulunkulu uYise neNdodana, wembulela futhi wethulela abaphrofethi, ufanelwe ukudunyiswa, ngoba naye umunye, ufana, futhi ulingana noYise neNdodana.
• Kunombhabhadiso munye wokudedela izono zonke

iMvumo yakwaNisiya yaqiniswa yimvumo kawaThanasi egxila ebunyeni nakwebuhlukeni kwobuZiqu Zintathu bukaNkulunkulu njengokulandelayo ekutheni:

• Ongakholwi enkolweni yobuKristu uzakubhubha ngunaphakade
• uNkulunkulu munye ebuthathwini bakhe: uYise ongadalwanga, iNdodana ezwelwe noMoya oyiNgcwele uphumayo kuyena.
• Abasibona abonkulunkulu abathathu kodwa banguNkulunkulu munye, bahlukile kodwa bayalingana ebumninimadleni, ebungunaphakadeni, ebungcweleni, ebungadalwangeni. Akekho kubona olandela omunye — badunyiswa ngokufana, ukulingana nokubamunye
• uJesu: uqobo lwakhe kungubunkulunkulu nobuntu, ekuvela kuNkulunkulu uYise, noMaria uNina, uqobo lwakhe aluhlukaniswanga kodwa lumunye kuyena, olumsulwa, oluphelele, olungena sono noma cala.

Iminqubo nemikhuba

iTafule lesinkwa newayini zesidlo seNkosi

AmaKristu anemikhuba eminingi ehlukahlukene kodwa emqoka yilawa:

• Ukubhabhadisa: kuchaza ukuthela noma ukufafaza umuntu ngamanzi noma ukumjula emanzini ngomzimba wonke egameni likaYise, iNdodana noMoya oyiNgcwele (noma okunye okukhulunywayo ekuthe kufane nalokho), ukuze umuntu ahlanzeke ezonweni zakhe, evuke engumzalwane
• Ukudla isidlo seNkosi: kuchaza ukudla isinkwa newayini emele inyama negazi zikaJesu Kristu ukuba yisikhumbuzo sokuzinikela kwakhe ukuze izono zabantu zidedelwe.

Iminqubo elandelayo ivunyelwe ngamabandla athile njenge Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Lutheran Church, ne-Anglican Church:

• Umshado
• i-Penance: ukuvuma izono zakho kumfundisi noma ukuveza ukuzisola nokuphenduka ezonweni ngokwenza izenzo ezinhle.
• Ukugcoba abagulayo ngamafutha
• Ukuphelelisa umbhabhadiso owanyenzwa umuntu esemncane
• i-Ordination: Ukuqoka abafundisi namabhishobu ngokubagcoba ngamafutha ukuze bahlukaniselwe umsebenzi wokufundisa, ukuhola, nokunakelela abakholwa

AmaKristu aneminye imikhuba njengelandelayo:

• Ukuhlangana kanye ngeviki ngeSabatha ngoMgqibelo noma ngoSonto ukukhonza, ukudumisa, ukufundiswa, nokugcinwa kweminqubo yebandla
• Ukugcina nokuguba izintsuku elingcwele njengePhasika neKhisimusi
• Ukusebenzisa, ukuqamba noma ukuhlonipha izimpawu njengesiphambano, intlanzi, Imvana ehlatshiweyo, nejuba eliphethe igatsha lomthi womquma

Izibhalo

iBhayibheli laseGutherburg eMelika

Izibhalo ezinhloniphekile futhi ezivunyelwe zenkolo yiTestamente Elidala neTestamente Elisha ezihlangene encwadini nye: iBhayibheli. iTestemante yakudala ihlanganisa izibhalo zamaJuda. iTestemante yakudala ihlanganisa izincwadi eziyi-39 (lama-Protestant), 46 (lamaKatholiki) nezinye zamanye amabandla eziqoqiwe emikhakheni emithathu: Umthetho (ngesiHeberu iTorah, noma ngesiGreki iPentateuch), Umlando (kusukela incwadi kaJoshuwa kufikela incwadi kaEstheri), Inhlakanipho (kusukela incwadi kaJobe kufikela incwadi yoMshumayeli), naBaphrofethi (kusukela incwadi ka-Isaya kufikela incwadi kaMalaki). Kunezincwadi ezaziwa nge-Apocrypha (isiGreki esichaza "Izincwadi eziFihlekileyo") ezingavunyelwanga njengezibhalo ezingcwele kodwa noma kunjalo zingasetshenziswa ukufundiswa (ibandla laseRoma liwabiza ama-Deuterocanonical, lokho kuchaza ngesiNgisi izincwadi zokubili ezivumelekile). Ama-Protestant namaJuda wesimanje awazivumi lezincwadi.

ITestamente Elisha lihlanganisa izincwadi ezine zeVangeli (noma iziNdaba Ezinhle: ngokukaMathewu, ngokulaMarku, ngokukaJohane, ngokukaLukha), izincwadi zezenzo zabaPhostoli (iZenzo), izincwadi zikaPawuli kumaRoma, amaKorinte, amaHeberu namanye amabandla, izincwadi zikaPitha nabanye abafundi bakaJesu, ivale ngeSambulo sikaJohane. iTestamente Elisha ilotshwe ngomlando nezifundiso zikaJesu, izenzo nezehlakalo enzeke kubaPhostoli, nezimfundiso zabo, nesambulo sikaJohane uMbuli mayelana ukuphela kwendalo nokudalwa kabusha kwezulu nomhlaba. iTestamente Elisha ibhalwe kakhulu ngesiGreki esijwayelekile (i-Koine Greek) kodwa iTestamente yakudala ibhalwe ngesiHeberu nesi-Aramaic.

Izindawo zokukhonza

Church of the Holy Sepulchre (iSonto leThuna eliNgcwele), eJerusalema, isonto elakhiwe phezu kweGolgotha, indawo uJesu abulawe khona, nethuna avuke kulo

AmaKristu akholelwa ekutheni indawo engcwele yokuHlala kukaNkulunkulu kusemizimbeni yabantu abakholwayo. Noma kunjalo, abantu bakhe izakhiwo lapho bakhona ukukhonza behlangene: isonto noma enkonzweni. Isakhiwo lapho kufundisa umbhishobhi esihlalweni samandla sakhe sibizwa nge-Cathedral. Isonto elibalulekile elinikezwe isidima esingaphezu kwamanye amasonto ibizwa nge-Basilica. AmaKristu wokuqala wayehlangana ezindaweni ezihlukene njengezindlu zabantu, isibonelo indawo yokuqala lapho khona abaPhostoli behlelwa uMoya oyiNgcwele kwakusendlini kaMariya unina kaJohane Markhu esukwini elaziwa esikhathini samanje njenge-Pentecost. Abakholwa baseNingizimu Afrika, bakhonza ezindaweni ezihlukile njengasetendeni nasendle ehlathini kakhulu (lokhu kuvamile ebandleni lamaNazaretha, ibandla lamaPhostoli nebandla laseZayoni). AmaKristu akholwa ekutheni uJesu noMoya oyiNgcwele bakhona kunoma yiphi indawo njengoba lulotshiwe eBhayibhelini: "ababili noma abathu behlangene egameni [lakhe], uzakuba nabo" (ngokukaMathewu 18:20). Futhi bakholwa ukuthi kubalulekile ukuthi kube umkhuba ojwayelekile kubona ukuthi bahlangane njengoba bayalelwa nguPawuli (amaHeberu 10:24-25).

iSakhiwo sesonto sivame ukuba netafule lapho kubusiswa isinkwa newayini, eliyisikhumbuzo sokuhlatshelewa kukaJesu ngenxa yezono zabantu, eliyisifaniso setafule ethempelini laseJerusalema lapho Umpristi oMkhulu wayeletha isihlabelo sokuthi uNkulunkulu axolele izono zesizwe. Futhi, lesisakhiwo sivame ukuba nendawo ephakeme lapho umfundisi ethulela inkulumo khona. Amabandla anezindawo lapho abahlabeleli bama khona uma becula izingoma zokudumisa. Ezakhiweni zesimanje kungabakhona izinsimbi zomculo njengeziginci nezigubu.

Ezezibalo zabantu

Kunenani labantu abandlula izigidigidi eziyi-1.4 abakholelwa ebuKristini. Izizwe lakho kulandelwa ubuKristu ngobuningi kakhulu yilezi ezilandelayo:

Izinga	Isizwe	Inani labaKristu	% labaKristu
1	IMelika	246,790,000	79.5%
2	IBrazili	175,700,000	81.6%
3	IMekisiko	107,780,000	95.0%
4	IRashiya	105,220,000	73.6%
5	IKhongo-Kinshasa	100,000,000	95%
6	iFilipinzi	86,790,000	93.1%
7	INigeria	80,510,000	50.8%
8	IShayina	67,070,000	5.0%
9	IJalimani	58,240,000	70.8%
10	INingizimu Afrika	52,886,000	85.3%