National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Many information sources can support air quality assessment and forecasting, including atmospheric chemistry models, satellite retrievals of column chemical and aerosol constituents, and surface-based air quality monitoring data from both regulatory and low-cost instruments.

Sea surface temperature (SST) is an important variable of any data assimilation and modeling system which aims to accurately represent long time-scale events, such as El-Nino-Southern-Oscillation (ENSO), that evolve over months, to short time-scale events such as convection that can evolve over hours (Diaz et al., 2001 and Sabin et al., 2013).

The August 8th-9th wildfires in Hawaii devastated the island of Maui, resulting in the United States' deadliest wildfire in the last 100 years. The Lahaina and Upcountry fires caused widespread destruction and loss of life, predominantly in the town of Lahaina.

The Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) is a climate phenomenon that occurs in the Indian Ocean. The positive phase of the IOD is associated with warmer sea surface temperatures (SST) in the western Indian Ocean and colder SST in the eastern Indian Ocean.