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Deer.
The animals don't run from the noise of car engines. They don't bolt at the prospect of human contact. They stand and stare.
Soon those sentries may be gone.
Valley Forge officials plan a massive sharpshooting operation to kill up to 1,300 deer during the next four years, eliminating more than 80 percent of the herd and maintaining a much smaller pack through contraceptives.
Administrators say lethal actions are necessary because deer are devouring so many plants, shrubs, and saplings that the forest cannot regenerate.
"Our goal is to restore a natural, healthy, functioning ecosystem," said Kristina Heister, park natural-resource manager. "We feel we need to act now, and we need to act quickly."
The first shoot would take place next winter. Federal employees or contractors would fire high-powered rifles mostly at night, dispatching deer baited to areas with apples and grain. The rifles would have silencers. Some shooting likely would take place during the day in areas closed to the public.
Technically, park administrators are considering four plans to manage deer, with options ranging from doing nothing to killing most of the herd. But they've already identified sharpshooting as the best alternative.
The period for public comment ends Tuesday.
Angry animal-rights activists insist that shooting the deer is unnecessary, unethical, and dangerous to nearby residents.
"Free-living animals can control their numbers, and they do control their numbers," said Lee Hall of Devon, legal director of the international advocacy group Friends of Animals. "The best way to enable them to do this is to respect how they are, and where they are, because nature works."
She's unsure whether the park's count of 1,023 deer is accurate. Even if it is, she said, to say there are too many deer is to impose a human construct on a vital, healthy group of animals governed by larger, natural forces.
The deer at Valley Forge, Hall said, get all the blame for environmental degradation, which is at least partly caused by auto emissions, construction, and trampling tourists. The Friends of Animals has urged park managers to think about bloodless alternatives, such as extensive fencing - measures that administrators have rejected.
The white-tailed deer - honored as the state animal - are practically everywhere in Pennsylvania, from thick forests to suburban backyards. In the Philadelphia region, housing and business development has pushed into woodland habitat.
Many suburbanites see deer as nuisances that ravage gardens and spread Lyme disease. Others view nibbled plants as the reasonable cost of being able to see majestic animals up close.
Those forces are about to collide at Valley Forge.
"We're prepared for not everyone agreeing" with us, park superintendent Michael Caldwell said, "but we're also prepared to do what we believe is the right decision based on the right information."
Valley Forge is a 5.3-square-mile oasis of hills, streams, and forests surrounded by houses, hotels, and one of the nation's busiest shopping destinations, the King of Prussia mall.
The park draws more than one million visitors a year to the site of the Continental Army's 1777-78 winter encampment. At times, though, deer seem to outnumber people. Lack of natural predators and public hunting combined with an ideal habitat have spawned an exponential expansion.
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