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Close back rounded vowel

From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Close back rounded vowel
u
Audio sample
Encoding
X-SAMPAu

The close back rounded vowel is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is in English and is written with long oo as in boot.

Characteristics

[change | change source]
  • The vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • The vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned in the back.
  • It is rounded, which means that the lips are rounded.

Examples

[change | change source]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
AfrikaansStandard[1]boek[bu̜k]'book'Only weakly rounded.[2] See Afrikaans phonology
ArabicStandard[3]جنوب / ǧanuub[d͡ʒaˈnuːb]'south'See Arabic phonology
ArmenianEastern[4]դուռ / dur[dur]'door'
Bengali তবু [t̪obu] 'still' See Bengali phonology
BavarianAmstetten dialect[5]und[und̥]'and'Contrasts close [u], near-close [o̝], close-mid [o] and open-mid [ɔ] back rounded vowels in addition to the open central unrounded [ä].[5]
Bulgarian[6]луд / lud[ɫut̪]'crazy'See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan[7]suc[s̺uk]'juice'See Catalan phonology
ChineseMandarin[8][9]土 / tǔ[tʰu˨˩˦]'earth'See Standard Chinese phonology
Cantonese[10]夫 / fū[fuː˥]ⓘ'man'See Cantonese phonology
Shanghainese[11]瓜 / ku[ku˩]'melon'Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back compressed vowel.[11]
Chuvashурам[uˈram]'street'
DanishStandard[12][13]du[tu]'you'See Danish phonology
DutchStandard[14][15]voet[vut]ⓘ'foot'Somewhat fronted in Belgian Standard Dutch.[15]
EnglishAustralian[16][17]book[buk]'book'Corresponds to [ʊ] in other accents. See Australian English phonology
Cape Flats[18]May be advanced to [ʉ], or lowered and unrounded to [ɤ].[18] See South African English phonology
Cultivated South African[19]boot[bu̟ut]'boot'Typically more front [ʉu] than cardinal [uw]. See White South African English phonology and American English phonology.
General American[20]
Geordie[21]May be central [ʉː] instead.
Irish[22]Realized as central [ʉː] in Ulster.
Some Multicultural London speakers[23]More commonly front [yː].
Conservative Received Pronunciation[24]Realized as central [ʉ] in modern RP.
Welsh[25][26][27]
Pakistani[28][buːʈ]
Greater New York City[29][buːt][30]
New Zealand[31][32]treacle[ˈtɹ̝̊iːku]'treacle'Possible realization of the unstressed vowel /ɯ/, which is variable in rounding and ranges from central to (more often) back and close to close-mid.[31][32] Corresponds to /əl/ in other accents. See New Zealand English phonology
Estonian[33]sule[ˈsule̞]'feather' (gen. sg.)See Estonian phonology
Finnish[34][35]kukka[ˈkukːɑ]'flower'See Finnish phonology
Faroese[36]gulur[ˈkuːlʊɹ]'yellow'See Faroese phonology
French[37][38]où[u]ⓘ'where'See French phonology
Georgian[39]გუდა / guda[ɡudɑ]'leather bag'
GermanStandard[40][41]Fuß[fuːs]ⓘ'foot'See Standard German phonology
Many speakers[42]Stunde[ˈʃtundə]'hour'The usual realization of /ʊ/ in Switzerland, Austria and partially also in Western and Southwestern Germany (Palatinate, Swabia).[42] See Standard German phonology
GreekModern Standard[43][44]που / pou[pu]'where'See Modern Greek phonology
HindustaniHindiख़ून(khoon)[xuːn]'blood'See Hindustani phonology.
Urduخون(khoon)
Hungarian[45]út[uːt̪]'way'See Hungarian phonology
Icelandic[46][47]þú[θ̠u]'you'See Icelandic phonology
Indonesian[48] Standard Indonesianunta[unta]'camel'See Indonesian phonology
Italian[49]tutto[ˈt̪ut̪t̪o]'all', 'everything'See Italian phonology
Kaingang[50][ˈndukːi]'in the belly'
Kazakhтуған / tuğan[t̪ʰuˈʁɑ̝̃n̪]'native'Transcribed phonemically as ⟨ʊw⟩.
Khmerភូមិ / phumĭ[pʰuːm]'village'See Khmer phonology
Korean눈 / nun[nuːn]'snow'See Korean phonology
Kurdish[51][52][53]Kurmanji (Northern)çû[tʃʰuː]'wood'See Kurdish phonology
Sorani (Central)چوو / çû
Palewani (Southern)
LatinClassical[54]sus[suːs]'pig'
Limburgish[55][56]sjoen[ʃu̟n]'beautiful'Back[56] or near-back,[55] depending on the dialect. The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Lower Sorbian[57]zub[z̪up]'tooth'
Luxembourgish[58]Luucht[luːχt]'air'See Luxembourgish phonology
Malayubat[u.bät]'medicine'See Malay phonology
Malayalamഉപ്പ്upːɨ̆'salt'See Malayalam phonology
Mongolian[59]үүр / üür[uːɾɘ̆]'nest'
Mpade[60]kusumu[kusumu]'mouse'
Nogaiсув[suː]'water'
Persianدور / dur [duɾ]'far'See Persian phonology
Polish[61]buk[buk]ⓘ'beech tree'Also represented orthographically by ⟨ó⟩. See Polish phonology
Portuguese[62]tu[ˈtu]'you'See Portuguese phonology
Romanian[63]unu[ˈun̪u]'one'See Romanian phonology
Russian[64]узкий / uzkiy / uzkij[ˈus̪kʲɪj]ⓘ'narrow'See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelicùbhlan[ˈuːl̪ˠən]'apples'Normal realisation of /uː/ in most dialects. In Lewis and Wester Ross as an allophone in proximity to broad sonorants; /uː/ elsewhere fronted to [ʉː] or [yː].[65][66]
Serbo-Croatian[67]дуга / duga[d̪ǔːɡä]'rainbow'See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Shiwiar[68][example needed]
Spanish[69]curable[kuˈɾäβ̞le̞]'curable'See Spanish phonology
Sotho[70]tumo[tʼumɔ]'fame'Contrasts close, near-close and close-mid back rounded vowels.[70] See Sotho phonology
Swahiliubongo[ubongo]'brain'
Tagalogutang[ˈʔutɐŋ]'debt'
ThaiStandard[71]ชลบุรี / chonburi[tɕ͡ʰōn.bū.rīː]ⓘ'Chonburi'
Turkish[72][73]uzak[uˈz̪äk]'far'See Turkish phonology
Udmurt[74]урэтэ / urėtė[urete]'to divide'
Ukrainian[75]рух / rukh[rux]'motion'See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian[57][76]žuk[ʒuk]'beetle'
Urduدُور / dur[d̪uːɾ]'far'See Urdu phonology
Welshmwg[muːɡ]'smoke'See Welsh phonology
West Frisianjûn[juːn]'evening, tonight'See West Frisian phonology
Yoruba[77]itọju[itɔju]
ZapotecTilquiapan[78]gdu[ɡdu]'all'

References

[change | change source]
  1. ↑ Donaldson (1993), pp. 2, 5.
  2. ↑ Donaldson (1993), p. 5.
  3. ↑ Thelwall & Sa'Adeddin (1990), p. 38.
  4. ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
  5. 1 2 Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  6. ↑ Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999), p. 56.
  7. ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
  8. ↑ Lee & Zee (2003), pp. 110–111.
  9. ↑ Duanmu (2007), pp. 35–36.
  10. ↑ Zee (1999), pp. 59–60.
  11. 1 2 Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), pp. 328–329.
  12. ↑ Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
  13. ↑ Basbøll (2005), p. 46.
  14. ↑ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
  15. 1 2 Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
  16. ↑ Cox & Palethorpe (2007), p. 344.
  17. ↑ Cox & Fletcher (2017), p. 65.
  18. 1 2 Finn (2004), p. 970.
  19. ↑ Lass (2002), p. 116.
  20. ↑ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
  21. ↑ Watt & Allen (2003), p. 268.
  22. ↑ Hickey, Raymond (2004). Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider (ed.). A Handbook of Varieties of English Volume 1: Phonology. De Gruyter. p. 91.
  23. ↑ Cruttenden (2014), p. 91.
  24. ↑ Roach (2004), p. 242.
  25. ↑ Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
  26. ↑ Connolly (1990), p. 125.
  27. ↑ Tench (1990), p. 135.
  28. ↑ Mahboob & Ahmar (2004), p. 1007.
  29. ↑ Hickey, Raymond (2004). Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider (ed.). A Handbook of Varieties of English Volume 1: Phonology. De Gruyter. p. 287.
  30. ↑ Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006). The Atlas of North American English. chpt. 17
  31. 1 2 "NZE Phonology" (PDF). Victoria University of Wellington. p. 3.
  32. 1 2 Bauer & Warren (2004), p. 585.
  33. ↑ Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
  34. ↑ Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 60, 66.
  35. ↑ Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008), p. 21.
  36. ↑ Árnason (2011), pp. 68, 74.
  37. ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  38. ↑ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
  39. ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), pp. 261–262.
  40. ↑ Hall (2003), pp. 87, 107.
  41. ↑ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
  42. 1 2 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
  43. ↑ Arvaniti (2007), p. 28.
  44. ↑ Trudgill (2009), p. 81.
  45. ↑ Szende (1994), p. 92.
  46. ↑ Árnason (2011), p. 60.
  47. ↑ Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
  48. ↑ "Indonesian Alphabet and Pronunciation". mylanguages.org. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
  49. ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
  50. ↑ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
  51. ↑ Thackston (2006a), p. 1.
  52. ↑ Khan & Lescot (1970), pp. 8–16.
  53. ↑ Fattah describes the sound as being voyelle longue centrale arrondie (p. 116).
  54. ↑ Wheelock's Latin (1956).
  55. 1 2 Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
  56. 1 2 Peters (2006), p. 119.
  57. 1 2 Stone (2002), p. 600.
  58. ↑ Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 70.
  59. ↑ Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 62, 66–67.
  60. ↑ Allison (2006).
  61. ↑ Jassem (2003), p. 105.
  62. ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  63. ↑ Sarlin (2014), p. 18.
  64. ↑ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 67.
  65. ↑ "Aspiration". Scottish Gaelic Dialect Survey. Archived from the original on 2021-04-24. Retrieved 2021-04-23.
  66. ↑ Oftedal (1956), p. 75–76.
  67. ↑ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
  68. ↑ Fast Mowitz (1975), p. 2.
  69. ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 256.
  70. 1 2 Doke & Mofokeng (1974), p. ?.
  71. ↑ Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993), p. 24.
  72. ↑ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
  73. ↑ Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 11.
  74. ↑ Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 64, 68.
  75. ↑ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  76. ↑ Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 20.
  77. ↑ Bamgboṣe (1966), p. 166.
  78. ↑ Merrill (2008), p. 109.
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