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summer

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: Summer

English

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English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *sem-
Proto-Indo-European *s(e)m-eh₂-
Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-h₂-ór-o-der.
Proto-Germanic *sumaraz
Proto-West Germanic *sumar
Old English sumor
Middle English somer
English summer

    From Middle English somer, sumer, from Old English sumor m, from Proto-West Germanic *sumar m, from Proto-Germanic *sumaraz m, derived from Proto-Indo-European *semh₂- (“summer”).[1]

    Cognates

    Cognate with Scots somer, sumer, simer, West Frisian simmer, Saterland Frisian Suumer, Dutch zomer, Low German Sommer, German Sommer, Danish and Norwegian Bokmål sommer, Swedish sommar, Norwegian Nynorsk and Icelandic sumar; Welsh haf, Armenian ամ (am, “year”), ամառ (amaṙ, “summer”), Sanskrit समा (sámā, “a half-year, season, weather, year”), Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬨 (ham-), Middle Persian ḥʾmyn (hāmīn), Northern Kurdish havîn, Central Kurdish ھاوین (hawîn).

    Alternative forms

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    Noun

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    summer (countable and uncountable, plural summers)

    BERJAYA
    Summer in Germany
    2. One of four seasons, traditionally the second, marked by the longest and typically hottest days of the year due to the inclination of the Earth and thermal lag. Typically regarded as spanning either the period between the summer solstice to the autumnal equinox, or the months of June, July, and August in the Northern Hemisphere and the months of December, January and February in the Southern Hemisphere.
      the heat of summer
      Gradually, the end of summer hove into sight.
      I'm going to the Gambia in the summer.
      • 1892, Walter Besant, chapter II, in The Ivory Gate […], New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], →OCLC:
        At twilight in the summer there is never anybody to fear—man, woman, or cat—in the chambers and at that hour the mice come out. They do not eat parchment or foolscap or red tape, but they eat the luncheon crumbs.
      • 1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter I, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y.; London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:
        A chap named Eleazir Kendrick and I had chummed in together the summer afore and built a fish-weir and shanty at Setuckit Point, down Orham way. For a spell we done pretty well.
      • 1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 5, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:
        A waiter brought his aperitif, which was a small scotch and soda, and as he sipped it gratefully he sighed. ¶ ‘Civilized,’ he said to Mr. Campion. ‘Humanizing.’ […] ‘Cigars and summer days and women in big hats with swansdown face-powder, that's what it reminds me of.’
    3. (poetic or humorous) year; used to give the age of a person, usually a young one.
      He was barely eighteen summers old.
      She had seen not more than twenty summers.
    4. (figuratively) Most flourishing, happy, or beautiful period; golden age, prime.
    5. (countable, fashion) Someone with light, pinkish skin that has a blue undertone, light hair and eyes, seen as best suited to certain colors of clothing.
    Usage notes
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    Antonyms
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    Coordinate terms
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    Derived terms
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    terms derived from the noun summer
    Translations
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    Verb

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    summer (third-person singular simple present summers, present participle summering, simple past and past participle summered)

    1. (intransitive) To spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday.
      • 1970, Wally Ferris, Across 110th, page 228:
        For he was an oddity, a black multimillionaire who summered on the Riviera, had an apartment in Paris and a penthouse, in a building he owned, high above Sugar Hill.
    Derived terms
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    terms derived from summer (verb)
    Translations
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    See also

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    Seasons in English · seasons (layout · text) · category
    spring summer autumn, fall winter

    Etymology 2

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    Etymology tree
    Proto-Indo-European *sem-
    Proto-Indo-European *s(e)m-eh₂-
    Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-h₂-ór-o-der.
    Proto-Germanic *sumaraz
    Proto-West Germanic *sumar
    Old English sumor
    Middle English somer
    English summer

      From Middle English somer, from Anglo-Norman summer, sumer, from Vulgar Latin saumārius, for Late Latin sagmārius, from Latin sagma (“sum”). Compare sumpter.

      Noun

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      summer (plural summers)

      2. (architecture) A horizontal beam supporting a building.
        Synonyms: summerbeam, summertree
      3. (obsolete) A pack-horse.
      Derived terms
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      Translations
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      Etymology 3

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      Etymology tree
      English sum
      Proto-Indo-European *-yósder.
      Proto-Italic *-āzios
      Latin -āriusnom.
      Latin -āriusbor.
      Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz
      Proto-West Germanic *-ārī
      Old English -ere
      Middle English -ere
      English -er
      English summer

        From sum + -er.

        Noun

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        summer (plural summers)

        1. A person who sums.
        2. A machine or algorithm that sums.
          Synonym: totaller
          • 2014, Michael R. Lindeburg, chapter 48, in FE Mechanical Review Manual, page 2:
            A basic feedback system consists of ... and a summing point (comparator or summer).
          • 2016, George H. Olsen, Ian Burdess, Computers and Microprocessors: Made Simple, page 36:
            The output of the summer is therefore fed into the input of the first integrator.
        Derived terms
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        See also
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        References

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        1. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*sumara- n.”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 491f.

        Alemannic German

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        Alternative forms

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        Etymology

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        From Old High German sumar, from Proto-Germanic *sumaraz. Cognate with German Sommer, English summer, Dutch zomer, West Frisian simmer, Icelandic sumar.

        Noun

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        summer m

        1. (Issime, Formazza) summer

        See also

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        Seasons in Alemannic German · Italian Walser (layout · text) · category
        Carcoforo: ustog
        Formazza: langsé
        Gressoney: ustag
        Issime: oustaga
        Rimella: üstàg         		ŝchummer
        summer
        sòmmer
        summer
        ŝchumer         		herbscht
        herbscht
        herbscht
        hérbscht
        harpscht         		winter
        wénter
        wénter
        winter
        wenter

        References

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        Bavarian

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        Alternative forms

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        Noun

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        summer

        1. (Sappada) summer

        References

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        Mòcheno

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        Etymology

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        From Middle High German sumer, from Old High German sumar, from Proto-West Germanic *sumar, from Proto-Germanic *sumaraz (“summer”). Cognate with German Sommer, English summer.

        Noun

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        summer m

        1. summer

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        References

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        Norwegian Bokmål

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        Noun

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        summer m

        1. indefinite plural of sum

        Verb

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        summer

        1. present of summe

        Old French

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        Alternative forms

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        Etymology

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        From Late Latin saumarius, sagmarius, from Latin sagma.

        Noun

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        summer oblique singular, m (oblique plural summers, nominative singular summers, nominative plural summer)

        1. summer (pack horse)
        2. summer (beam)

        Descendants

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        • → Middle English: sumer
          • English: summer (“pack horse; horizontal beam”)

        References

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        Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=summer&oldid=91188666"