close
Jump to content

Suchosaurus

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with Saurosuchus.

Suchosaurus
Temporal range: Early Cretaceous (Valanginian to Barremian), 135–125 Ma
BERJAYA
Holotype tooth of S. cultridens
(NHMUK PV R36536)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: Saurischia
Clade: Theropoda
Family: †Spinosauridae
Subfamily: †Baryonychinae
Genus: †Suchosaurus
Owen, 1841
Type species
†Suchosaurus cultridens
Owen, 1841
Other species
  • †Suchosaurus girardi Sauvage, 1897
Synonyms
List of synonyms

Suchosaurus (meaning "crocodile lizard") is a dubious genus of large theropod dinosaur that lived during the Early Cretaceous in what is now Europe. The type species, S. cultridens, was originally described in 1841 by Richard Owen based on a chimeric assemblage of fossil teeth and vertebrae discovered in the Tilgate Forest, of Sussex, England, in sediments of the Wealden Supergroup. The second species, S. girardi, was established in 1897 by Henri Émile Sauvage from a tooth and fragmentary jaw material recovered from the Papo Seco Formation in Portugal. Initially and generally interpreted as a crocodilian for nearly two centuries (as reflected by its generic name), Suchosaurus was not formally reidentified as a spinosaurid until a 2003 publication by Angela Milner, who also considered it as a possible senior synonym of Baryonyx. This proposal was followed by several authors until 2011, when Octávio Mateus and colleagues regarded the genus as dubious due to the non-diagnostic nature of the assigned fossil material. Named only one year before Owen introduced the term Dinosauria in 1842, Suchosaurus is therefore among the first dinosaurs ever described in the history of paleontology and also represents the very first named spinosaurid, although it was not recognized as such at the time of its original descriptions.

Although known from very limited fossil material, Suchosaurus is estimated to have reached a length of between 8.6–10 metres (28–33 ft), with a minimum body mass of around one tonne. Like other spinosaurids, Suchosaurus was probably a large bipedal carnivore with well-built forelimbs and elongated, crocodile-like skulls. The teeth of Suchosaurus, which constitute the main fossils documenting this taxon, were slightly recurved and displayed a conical to subconical cross-section. The crown also beared numerous longitudinal flutes, and most of the teeth appeared to have fine serrations. Although now considered as a dubious spinosaurid, Suchosaurus is generally assigned to the subfamily Baryonychinae due to its dental characteristics, which it shares with other genera such as Baryonyx and Suchomimus. Like other members of this group, its teeth were most likely adapted for a piscivorous diet. Based on the fossil record associated with the taxon, the animal lived and hunted in fluvial environments alongside numerous other dinosaurs, as well as pterosaurs, crocodylomorphs, turtles, plesiosaurs, fishes, various invertebrates, and even early mammals.

Research history

[edit]
Map of spinosaurid sites in southeastern England
Map showing spinosaurid localities of southeast England; 3 is the Tilgate Forest quarry where Suchosaurus was found

The taxonomic history of Suchosaurus begins in 1822, when British palaeontologist Gideon Mantell and his partner Mary Ann mentioned, in their book The Fossils of the South Downs, teeth that had been discovered by Mantell in a quarry in Tilgate Forest, near Cuckfield in Sussex, England. Based on their morphology, characterized by well-defined lateral ridges, Mantell's mentor William Clift, then curator of the Hunterian Museum, London, suggested that these fossils might belong either to a crocodile or to a monitor lizard, the couple favoring the former interpretation.[1][2][3] In June 1823, Scottish geologist Charles Lyell brought the fossils described by the Mantell couple to Paris, France, so that they could be examined by French naturalist Georges Cuvier.[2] In his work published the following year, Cuvier endorsed the initial 1822 interpretation, although he described most of the teeth only very briefly. Nevertheless, he illustrated four of the Tilgate fossil teeth discovered by Mantell.[4] In 1827, Mantell redescribed these fossils in greater detail, distinguishing them as belonging to two types of crocodilians, separating the blunt-crowned teeth from the more slender and recurved ones, which he considered comparable to those of gharials. Although he did not erect any scientific name to formalize this observation, he attributed the teeth of the second category to a crocodilian that he referred to by the common name "gavial of Tilgate Forest".[5]

Two drawings (lateral and posterior views) of a large theropod dinosaur tooth
1878 lithograph of the holotype tooth of S. cultridens

In 1841, British palaeontologist Richard Owen established, within the genus Crocodilus, a subgenus and species he named Crocodilus (Suchosaurus) cultridens, based on the fossils discovered by Mantell.[6] The name Suchosaurus comes from the Ancient Greek σοῦχος (souchos, "crocodile"), and σαῦρος (saûros, "lizard"), reflecting its then-accepted affinities with crocodilians.[7][8] The specific name comes from the Latin culter, "dagger", and dens, "tooth", in reference to the taxon's dental morphology.[9] In his work published the following year (the same work in which he first coined the term Dinosauria), Owen retained Suchosaurus at the rank of subgenus and also referred to it two fossil vertebrae collected by Mantell, without, however, providing any justification for this association. He further considered the expression "gavial of Tilgate Forest" to be the vernacular name of this taxon.[10] The holotype, cited in the scientific literature since the Cuvier's work, consists of a single 3 centimetres (1.2 inches) tooth broken at the upper third of the crown. Like many fossils discovered at Tilgate, this tooth is now housed in the palaeontological collections of the Natural History Museum, London. The original specimen number was BMNH R36536,[2] but it was later re-catalogued as NHMUK PV R36536.[11][12]

In the years following the publication of Owen’s two works, Suchosaurus was elevated to the rank of a distinct genus by Owen himself as well as by other authors. In a work published posthumously in 1867, the French naturalist Charles Léopold Laurillard nevertheless made a taxonomic error regarding this animal:[2] although he acknowledged that Suchosaurus had been named by Owen, he nonetheless attributed the origin of the species name cultridens to Mantell.[7] In an 1878 article, Owen illustrated for the first time the previously mentioned vertebrae, noting that they were not found in direct association with Mantell's teeth, including the holotype.[13] In the second volume of his 1884 work, when he figured again this latter, Owen named it as S. laevidens.[14] This designation was probably a lapsus calami, as he did not use this specific epithet elsewhere in the same publication.[15][2] In 1888, British naturalist Richard Lydekker determined that the two vertebrae previously attributed to the genus actually belonged to ornithischian dinosaurs. He assigned the first to the family Iguanodontidae and suggested that the second might be referred to the ankylosaur Hylaeosaurus. Lydekker also regarded S. laevidens as a junior synonym of S. cultridens,[16] a position likewise adopted in 1890 by British palaeontologists Arthur Smith Woodward and Charles Davies Sherborn.[17]

Fragmentary fossils of a jaw and a tooth belonging to a theropod dinosaur
Original fossil elements of the holotype specimen of S. girardi (MG 324 × MNHN/UL.I.F2.176)

In 1896, the French palaeontologist Henri-Émile Sauvage reported the presence of Suchosaurus in Portugal based on fossils discovered by the Swiss geologist Paul Choffat in the locality of Boca do Chapim.[18] Consisting of two jaw fragments and an isolated tooth, this material enabled Sauvage to erect the second species Suchosaurus girardi, the specific name honouring the Portuguese naturalist Albert Girard.[19] The two jaw fragments are currently numbered as MG 324 at the Museu Geológico [pt] in Lisbon.[20][21] In 2007, French palaeontologist Éric Buffetaut noted that the associated single tooth had not been relocated in the institution and therefore regarded it as lost. However, he identified a third mandibular fragment, probably complementary to one of the first two and previously undescribed.[22] In a conference abstract published in 2013, Portuguese palaeontologist Elisabete Malafaia and her colleagues reported the rediscovery of the isolated tooth in the palaeontological collections of the National Museum of Natural History and Science, Lisbon. Now catalogued as MNHN/UL.I.F2.176, the tooth is among the fossils that were saved from a fire that destroyed a significant part of the museum in 1978.[21]

After certain fossil teeth collected in Sussex and on the Isle of Wight were routinely labelled to the genus, Suchosaurus was only rarely mentioned in the scientific literature after the late 19th century, probably due to the very limited nature of the fossil material.[2][3] One of the few notable mentions during the following century comes from Spain, where the palaeontologist José Royo y Gómez [es] in 1927 attributed to this genus fossils discovered in the deposits of Morella, in Castellón.[23] However, these specimens were never described in detail afterwards and appear to have been lost during the Spanish Civil War.[24][2] They were nevertheless briefly mentioned in 1960 by the Spanish palaeontologist Josep Ramon Bataller [ca].[25]

Side view of a mounted skeleton of a theropod dinosaur displayed in a museum
Reconstructed skeletal mount of Baryonyx at the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo. Based on its dental characteristics, Suchosaurus has been reinterpreted as a spinosaurid, and a possible synonymy with the latter has even been suggested

In 1986, British palaeontologists Alan Charig and Angela Milner described the theropod dinosaur Baryonyx walkeri on the basis of a relatively well-preserved partial skeleton discovered near the Ockley, in Surrey.[26][27] Its initial descriptions highlighted distinctive dental characters, which led some authors to assign several isolated teeth uncovered in the Wealden Supergroup of England to this genus.[28][2][3] On the basis of these same morphological criteria, Milner suggested in 2003 that some teeth previously referred to Megalosaurus and Suchosaurus might instead belong to Baryonyx.[29] In his 2007 study, Buffetaut considered the teeth of S. girardi very similar to those of Baryonyx (and S. cultridens) except for the stronger development of the tooth crown flutes (or "ribs"; lengthwise ridges), suggesting that the remains belonged to the same genus. Buffetaut agreed with Milner that the teeth of S. cultridens were almost identical to those of B. walkeri, but with a ribbier surface. The former taxon might be a senior synonym of the latter (since it was published first), depending on whether the differences were within a taxon or between different ones. According to Buffetaut, since the holotype specimen of S. cultridens is a single tooth and that of B. walkeri is a skeleton, it would be more practical to retain the newer name.[22][30][2]

In a 2010 review of the taxonomic history of spinosaurids before the original description of the type genus Spinosaurus in 1915, Buffetaut recognized Cuvier's 1824 illustration of the holotype tooth of S. cultridens as the earliest known published depiction of a spinosaurid fossil and one of the oldest published figures of a dinosaur fossil, although neither of these groups had been defined or named when it appeared in print. Buffetaut also stated that it is very likely that the fossils attributed to Suchosaurus by Royo y Gómez in 1927 belonged to the baryonychines, in light of the discovery of fossil teeth from this subgroup at Morella.[2] The discovery of these same teeth was first reported in a conference abstract by the Spanish paleontologist José Ignacio Canudo and his colleagues in 2004.[31] In 2011, Portuguese paleontologist Octávio Mateus and colleagues agreed that Suchosaurus was closely related to Baryonyx, but considered both species in the former genus nomina dubia (dubious names) since their holotype specimens were not considered diagnostic (lacking distinguishing features) and could not be definitely equated with other taxa.[20] However, following its formal reidentification in the early 21st century, Suchosaurus is recognized as the first spinosaurid to have been named, as well as one of the first dinosaurs described in the history of paleontology, although it was not initially identified as such.[29][30][2][3][11][9]

Description

[edit]
BERJAYA
Hypothetical life restoration of S. cultridens

Although known only from very fragmentary fossil remains, Suchosaurus would likely have had an overall morphology broadly similar to that of many other spinosaurids, i. e. large bipedal carnivore with robust forelimbs and an elongated skull resembling that of crocodiles.[20][3][32] In 2012, American vertebrate palaeontologist Thomas R. Holtz Jr. tentatively estimated Suchosaurus at around 10 metres (33 ft) in length and weighing between 1 and 4 tonnes (1.1 and 4.4 short tons).[33][34] In 2016, Spanish palaeontologists Rubén Molina-Pérez and Asier Larramendi estimated S. cultridens at approximately 8.6 m (28 ft) long, 2.15 m (7.1 ft) tall at the hips and weighing 1.4 t (1.5 short tons).[35] When Mantell described in 1827 the assemblage of teeth of the "gavial of Tilgate Forest", he stated that the largest of these teeth would have belonged to an animal of comparable length, estimated between 6–9 metres (20–30 ft) in length.[5]

The dentition of Suchosaurus exhibited several notable differences between the two species. However, the teeth displayed only the basic characteristics of baryonychines and lacked any diagnostic features allowing distinction at the generic level, thus explaining the taxon's status as a nomen dubium.[20] Like Baryonyx, the holotype tooth of S. cultridens possessed a rounded cross-section and was slighty recurvatured, with a crown ornamented by numerous flutes, although these were more abundant in this taxon.[22][20] In his 2007 study, Buffetaut noted that the species also appeared to differ by the apparent absence of serrations on the carinae (the anterior and posterior cutting edges of a tooth), although this condition may have resulted from a tooth wear.[22] Nevertheless, in 2024, the American palaeontologist Chris T. Barker and colleagues suggested that the absence of serrations on some teeth referred to S. cultridens probably resulted from taphonomic processes related to their preservation, an interpretation previously supported in 2015 by the Belgian palaeontologist Christophe Hendrickx, who observed fine serrations on the lower posterior portion of the holotype tooth of this species.[12] The teeth of S. girardi were ziphodont, being subcircular in cross-section and bearing seven denticles per millimetre, a count comparable to that observed in Baryonyx. Their roots were very long and slender, exceeding half the length of the crown. The teeth of S. girardi were also as strongly fluted as the holotype of S. cultridens, bearing eight longitudinal ridges on their inner surface and enamel with a microscopically wrinkled texture. At least one tooth of S. girardi appeared to possess a serrated anterior carina. Little information has been reported about the rare fossil jaw fragments of the holotype of S. girardi because of their very incomplete preservation, but they are understood to represent the right portion of the dentary (the largest bone of the lower jaw in diapsids).[22][20]

Classification

[edit]

Early classifications

[edit]
Head of a gharial.
Skeletal mount of a prehistoric crocodyliform.
During its taxonomic history, Suchosaurus was initially regarded as being related to gharials (top), before being commonly assigned to the Pholidosauridae (bottom; Sarcosuchus) throughout the 20th century.

Suchosaurus is among the fossil animals that have one longest cases of taxonomic misidentification, having been frequently interpreted as a crocodilian for nearly two centuries. This situation is largely explained by the very limited fossil material then known for spinosaurids, as well as by the morphological similarities between their teeth and those of crocodilians. However, the position of this taxon within crocodilians itself varied repeatedly throughout its taxonomic history.[2][3][11] Initially, even before Suchosaurus was formally named, Mantell and Cuvier proposed assigning these fossils to crocodilians, without placing them in a specific subgroup.[1][4] A more precise classification was first suggested in 1827, when Mantell compared the teeth of the taxon to those of gharials, giving rise to the common name "gavial of Tilgate Forest".[5] However, in 1832, the German palaeontologist Hermann von Meyer assigned the teeth previously described by Mantell and Cuvier to the genus Teleosaurus.[36] In 1842, one year after Suchosaurus was formally named, Owen rejected von Meyer's classification, citing the absence of skeletal remains attributable to teleosaurians in the Wealden deposits to support his interpretation.[10] In most of his works describing Suchosaurus, Owen regularly compared its teeth to those of the "Argenton crocodile" previously described by Cuvier,[6][10][13][8] an animal now referred to the genus Pristichampsus, itself considered as dubious since 2013.[37]

During the 19th and 20th centuries, the majority of the scientific community followed Owen's view regarding the crocodilian nature of Suchosaurus.[2][3] One of the first authors to adopt this view was the Swiss palaeontologist François-Jules Pictet de la Rive in 1853, who classified Suchosaurus (then spelled as Succhosaurus) among the "doubtful crocodilians".[38] In his 1867 work, Laurillard simply regarded the taxon as a crocodilian from the Secondary strata.[7] In 1883, the Belgian palaeontologist Louis Dollo likewise considered Suchosaurus as a crocodilian, distinguishing its dentition from those of Goniopholis and the newly erected Bernissartia, although without specifying its systematic position. Nevertheless, he noted that the morphology of its teeth reminded him of those of the theropod dinosaur Megalosaurus.[39] Two years later, the British palaeontologist Arthur Smith Woodward assigned Suchosaurus to the Goniopholididae while emphasizing the highly fragmentary nature of the known material.[40] However, he reconsidered this interpretation in 1887, arguing that Suchosaurus was too incomplete to be confidently placed within any crocodilian family.[41] Although Lydekker reached the same conclusion the following year,[16] he and his British colleague Henry Alleyne Nicholson nevertheless stated in 1889 that it was "not improbable" that the genus belonged to the Goniopholididae.[42] Around the same time, the German palaeontologist Karl Alfred von Zittel regarded Suchosaurus as an incertae sedis taxon within the Macrorhynchidae.[43] In his 1896 paper, Sauvage likewise considered Suchosaurus to be a crocodilian of uncertain systematic position.[18] However, when he described S. girardi the following year, he once again referred the genus to the Goniopholididae based on the characters highlighted by Woodward in 1885.[19] In 1900, the Belgian palaeontologist Ernest Van den Broeck in turn reassigned the genus to the Macrorhynchidae.[44]: 111  Following the subsequent synonymisation of the Macrorhynchidae with the Pholidosauridae, Suchosaurus was most often assigned to the latter family throughout the remainder of the 20th century,[45][46][47][15] probably as a continuation of the classification proposed by von Zittel.[2]

Nevertheless, several authors during the 19th century did not regard Suchosaurus as a crocodilian.[2][3] In two papers published in 1846, the German paleontologist Theodor Plieninger [de] classified Suchosaurus (also spelled as Succhosaurus) within a group of reptiles that he named "akidodonts", based on its laterally compressed teeth with sharp edges.[48][49] This now-obsolete group included numerous archosaurs that are today assigned to phytosaurs, rauisuchians, and dinosaurs.[2] Three years later, in 1849, the German paleontologist Heinrich Georg Bronn reassigned Suchosaurus as a saurian of uncertain position, alongside many other taxa previously placed among the akidodonts by Plieninger.[50] However, he later reclassified it among crocodilians, in accordance with the view that had become widely accepted within the scientific community.[51] In 1879, the British geologist John Whitaker Hulke also expressed doubts regarding the crocodilian nature of Suchosaurus. While describing for the first timethe ornithopod Vectisaurus (now regarded as a synonym of Mantellisaurus[52]), he compared its vertebrae with those then attributed to Suchosaurus by Owen, suggesting in a footnote that the latter might possess affinities with dinosaurs.[53] Nevertheless, Hulke did not specify what evidence supported this interpretation, nor whether it was based on the teeth or the vertebrae then referred to the taxon.[2][3] One year earlier, Owen himself had also suggested dinosaurian affinities for Suchosaurus in his 1878 paper.[13] However, although he largely repeated his description of the taxon in the first volume of his work published in 1884, he omitted any mention of such affinities.[8][2][3]

Identification as a spinosaurid

[edit]
Comparative drawing of two partial theropod dinosaur skeletons, traced onto their respective body silhouettes.
Skeletal diagram combining several specimens of Suchomimus (above) with the holotype of Baryonyx (below), two spinosaurid genus closely related to Suchosaurus

Since its formal reidentification by Milner in 2003, Suchosaurus has been recognized as a theropod dinosaur belonging to the family Spinosauridae and the subfamily Baryonychinae.[29][22][2][20][11] This lineage was initially erected at the rank of a distinct family, under the name Baryonychidae, when Baryonyx was formally described by Charig and Milner in 1986, the authors then considering this genus sufficiently unique to justify such a classification.[26][27] It was later reduced to the rank of a subfamily within the Spinosauridae in 1998 by the American palaeontologist Paul Sereno and his colleagues during their formal description of Suchomimus.[54] One of the main characteristics used to distinguish baryonychines from spinosaurines is the frequent presence of fine serrations on their teeth, a feature that remains paradoxically poorly documented in Suchosaurus.[20][32][12] In their description of Suchomimus, Sereno and his colleagues also united spinosaurids and their closest relatives within the superfamily Spinosauroidea.[54] In a 2007 conference abstract, the American palaeontologist Denver W. Fowler suggested that since Suchosaurus is the first named genus in its group, the clade names Spinosauroidea, Spinosauridae, and Baryonychinae should be replaced by Suchosauroidea, Suchosauridae, and Suchosaurinae, regardless of whether or not the name Baryonyx is retained.[55] Nevertheless, in 2010, the British palaeontologist Roger Benson regarded Spinosauroidea as a junior synonym of Megalosauroidea, which had been established earlier, although he retained the traditional classification of the Spinosauridae.[56] A 2017 study by the Brazilian palaeontologists Marcos A. F. Sales and Cesar L. Schultz found that the clade Baryonychinae was not well supported, since serrated teeth may be an ancestral trait among spinosaurids.[57] Nevertheless, the validity of this group is still maintained in some subsequent studies.[58][59][11]

Palaeobiology

[edit]

Though few skull material has been discovered for Suchosaurus,[22][20] it is known that spinosaurid skulls resembled those of crocodiles; they were long, low, narrow and expanded at their front ends into a terminal rosette-like shape, with a robust secondary palate on the roof of the mouth that made them more resistant to stress and bending. In contrast, the primitive and typical condition for theropods was a tall, broader and wedge-like snout with a less developed secondary palate. The skull adaptations of spinosaurids converged with those of crocodilians; early members of the latter group had skulls similar to typical non-avian (or non-bird) theropods, later developing elongated snouts, conical teeth, and secondary palates. These adaptations may have been the result of a dietary change from terrestrial prey to fish.[60][61] Most theropod dinosaurs have recurved, blade-like teeth with serrated carinae for slicing through flesh, whereas spinosaurid teeth evolved to be straighter, more conical, and have small or nonexistent serrations. Such dentition is seen in living piscivorous predators such as gharials, as it is better suited for piercing and maintaining grip on slippery aquatic prey so it can be swallowed whole, rather than torn apart.[32][60][62]

Palaeoecology

[edit]

England

[edit]

The original stratigraphic position of the holotype tooth of S. cultridens does not appear to be unanimously agreed upon among geologists. The specimen comes from the Grinstead Clay, a unit dated to the late Valanginian of the Early Cretaceous, whose status varies according to authors: it is considered either as a distinct geological formation or a member of the Tunbridge Wells Sand Formation. In any case, it originates from the fossil record of the Wealden Supergroup of England, a geological group divided into numerous formations with ages that are both older and younger.[11] During the Early Cretaceous, the Weald area of Surrey, Sussex, and Kent was partly covered by the large, fresh-to-brackish water Wealden Lake. Two large rivers drained the northern area (where London now stands), flowing into the lake through a river delta; the Anglo-Paris Basin was in the south. Its climate was sub-tropical, similar to the present Mediterranean region.[63][64]

Portugal

[edit]

S. girardi is known from the Papo Seco Formation, which dates to the early Barremian age of the Early Cretaceous epoch.[22][20][21] The formation's depositional environment exhibits a shift from shallow marine to continental, with stratigraphically higher layers representing an estuarine setting.[65][66] Many other fossil taxa have been found in localities of the Papo Seco Formation.[22][21] The only formally identified contemporaneous theropod is the spinosaurid Iberospinus (whose holotype had previously been interpreted as belonging to Baryonyx[20]),[65] although fragmentary bones also indicate the presence of representatives of other lineages, including a possible dromaeosaurid[67] and a coelurosaurian.[68] Two theropod footprint types have been found, one that is smaller with narrow digits, belonging to an indeterminate theropod, and another referrable to the ichnogenus Megalosauripus, likely produced by a carnosaurian theropod such as a spinosaurid.[69] The other dinosaurs present in the formation are sauropods and ornithopods. Sauropod material includes the remains of indeterminate sauropods, eusauropods, titanosauriforms, and titanosaurs.[70] The only formally described ornithopod genus is Cariocecus,[66] but other evidence of their presence includes fragmentary remains of unnamed taxa, consisting of isolated teeth and bones (e.g., incomplete vertebrae and limb bones).[71] A probable ornithopod footprint has also been described from the formation.[72] Non-dinosaurian vertebrate fossils from the Papo Seco Formation include teeth referred to ornithocheirid and ctenochasmatoid pterosaurs, cf. Anteophthalmosuchus sp. (a goniopholidid crocodyliform), and cf. Lepidotes sp. (a semionotiform actinopterygian) and carapace fragments and a partial radius of pancheloniids (sea turtles).[73][67] Invertebrate fossils comprise aquatic bivalves (Eomiodon, Nipponomaia, and ostreidans) and gastropods (Chemnitzia, Natica sp., Turritella).[74]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Mantell, G.; Mantell, M. A. (1822). The fossils of the South Downs; or illustrations of the geology of Sussex. London: Lupton Relfe. p. 50. doi:10.3931/e-rara-16021. S2CID 128930354.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Buffetaut, É. (2010), "Spinosaurs before Stromer: early finds of spinosaurid dinosaurs and their interpretations", in Moody, R. T. J.; Buffetaut, É.; Naish, D.; Martill, D. M. (eds.), Dinosaurs and Other Extinct Saurians: A Historical Perspective, Special Publications, London: Geological Society, pp. 175–188, Bibcode:2010GSLSP.343..175B, doi:10.1144/SP343.10, ISBN 978-1-862-39311-0, ISSN 0305-8719, S2CID 140749147
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Witton, M. P. (15 January 2014). "Baryonyx Begins". Mark Witton.com. Archived from the original on 21 November 2025.
  4. ^ a b Cuvier, G. (1824). Recherches sur les ossements fossiles [Research on fossil bones]. Vol. 5 (2 ed.). Paris: Dufour & d'Ocagne. pp. 161–163.
  5. ^ a b c Mantell, G. A. (1827). Illustrations of the geology of Sussex. London: Lupton Relfe. p. 64–65.
  6. ^ a b Owen, R. (1841). Odontography. Vol. v. 1. London: Hippolyte Baillière. pp. 287–290.
  7. ^ a b c Laurillard, C. L. (1867). "Crocodiliens fossiles" [Fossil Crocodilians]. In d'Orbigny, C. (ed.). Dictionnaire universel d'Histoire naturelle [Universal dictionary of Natural History]. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). Paris: Houssiaux. pp. 476–481. OCLC 994775976.
  8. ^ a b c Owen, R. (1884). A History of British Fossil Reptiles. Vol. 1. London: Cassell. pp. 433–435. OCLC 13370987.
  9. ^ a b Abdale, J. R. (12 June 2023). "Suchosaurus: The First Spinosaur to be Named". Dinosaurs and Barbarians.
  10. ^ a b c Owen, R. (1842). "Report on British Fossil Reptiles. Part II". Report of the Eleventh Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; Held at Plymouth in July 1841. London: John Murray. p. 67-69. LCCN 99030427. OCLC 1015526268. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Barker, C. T.; Naish, D.; Gostling, N. J. (2023). "Isolated tooth reveals hidden spinosaurid dinosaur diversity in the British Wealden Supergroup (Lower Cretaceous)". PeerJ. 11 e15453. doi:10.7717/peerj.15453. PMC 10239232. PMID 37273543.
  12. ^ a b c Barker, C. T.; Handford, L.; Naish, D.; Wills, S.; Hendrickx, C.; Hadland, P.; Brockhurst, D.; Gostling, N. J. (2024). "Theropod dinosaur diversity of the lower English Wealden: analysis of a tooth-based fauna from the Wadhurst Clay Formation (Lower Cretaceous: Valanginian) via phylogenetic, discriminant and machine learning methods". Papers in Palaeontology. 10 (6) e1604. Bibcode:2024PPal...10E1604B. doi:10.1002/spp2.1604. S2CID 274556899.
  13. ^ a b c Owen, R. (1878). "Monograph on the Fossil Reptilia of the Wealden and Purbeck Formations. Supplement No. VIII. Crocodilia (Goniopholis, Petrosuchus, and Suchosaurus)". Palaeontographical Society Monographs. 32 (149): 1–15. doi:10.1080/02693445.1878.12027952. S2CID 134511859.
  14. ^ Owen, R. (1884). "Crocodilia". A History of British Fossil Reptiles. Vol. 2. London: Cassell. pp. pl. 5, f. 4. OCLC 13370987.
  15. ^ a b Steel, R. (1973). Kuhn, O. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology Part 16: Crocodylia. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag. p. 38. ISBN 978-3-437-30141-4..
  16. ^ a b Lydekker, R. (1888). Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. 1. London: Trustees of the British Museum. pp. xvi, 90, 186, 230.
  17. ^ Woodward, A. S.; Sherborn, C. D. (1890). A catalogue of British fossil Vertebrata. London: Dulau & Co. p. 287.
  18. ^ a b Sauvage, H. É. (1896). "Les crocodiliens et les dinosauriens des terrains mésozoïques du Portugal" [The crocodilians and dinosaurs from the Mesozoic terrains of Portugal]. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France. 3 (in French). 24: 46–48.
  19. ^ a b Sauvage, H. É. (1897). Vertébrés fossiles du Portugal. Contribution à l'étude des poissons et des reptiles du Jurassique et du Crétacique [Fossil vertebrates of Portugal. Contribution to the study of Jurassic and Cretaceous fishes and reptiles]. Direction des travaux géologiques du Portugal (in French). Imprimerie de l'Académie Royale des Sciences. p. 26–27. OCLC 1015745741.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Mateus, O.; Araujo, R.; Natario, C.; Castanhinha, R. (2011). "A new specimen of the theropod dinosaur Baryonyx from the Early Cretaceous of Portugal and the taxonomic validity of Suchosaurus". Zootaxa. 2827: 54–68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2827.1.3. S2CID 30193912.
  21. ^ a b c d Malafaia, E.; Ortega, F.; Escaso, F.; Mocho, P. (2013). Rediscovery of a lost portion of the holotype of Suchosaurus girardi (Sauvage, 1897–98), now related to the spinosaurid theropod Baryonyx. Abstract book of the VI International Symposium about Dinosaurs Palaeontology and their Environment. pp. 82–84.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i Buffetaut, É. (2007). "The spinosaurid dinosaur Baryonyx (Saurischia, Theropoda) in the Early Cretaceous of Portugal" (PDF). Geological Magazine. 144 (6): 1021–1025. Bibcode:2007GeoM..144.1021B. doi:10.1017/S0016756807003883. S2CID 130212901.
  23. ^ Royo y Gómez, J. (1927). "Sur le faciès wealdien d'Espagne" [On the Wealdian facies of Spain]. Compte rendu sommaire de la Société géologique de France (in French). 10 (11): 125–128.
  24. ^ Sanz, J. L.; Casanovas, M. L.; Santafé, J. V. (1982). "Paleontología" [Paleontology]. In Santafé, J. V.; Casanovas, M. L.; Sanz, J. L.; Calzada, S. (eds.). Geología y paleontología (Dinosaurios) de las Capas Rojas de Morella (Castellón, España) [Geology and paleontology (Dinosaurs) of the Red Layers of Morella (Castellón, Spain)] (in Spanish). Castellón & Barcelona: Diputación Provincial de Castellón and Diputación de Barcelona. pp. 69–169. OCLC 999806966.
  25. ^ Bataller, J. R. (1960). "Los vertebrados del Cretácico español" [The vertebrates of the Spanish Cretaceous] (PDF). Notas y Comunicaciones del Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (in Spanish) (60): 141–164.
  26. ^ a b Charig, A. J.; Milner, A. C. (1986). "Baryonyx, a remarkable new theropod dinosaur". Nature. 324 (6095): 359–361. Bibcode:1986Natur.324..359C. doi:10.1038/324359a0. PMID 3785404. S2CID 4343514.
  27. ^ a b Charig, A. J.; Milner, A. C. (1990), "The systematic position of Baryonyx walkeri, in the light of Gauthier's reclassification of the Theropoda", in Carpenter, K.; Currie, P. J. (eds.), Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 127–140, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511608377.012, ISBN 978-0-521-43810-0, S2CID 83983092
  28. ^ Martill, D. M.; Hutt, S. (1996). "Possible baryonychid dinosaur teeth from the Wessex Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Barremian) of the Isle of Wight, England". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 107 (2): 81–84. Bibcode:1996PrGA..107...81M. doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(96)80001-0. S2CID 129711293.
  29. ^ a b c Milner, A. C. (2003). "Fish-eating theropods: A short review of the systematics, biology and palaeobiogeography of spinosaurs". Actas de las II Jornadas Internacionales Sobre Paleontologýa de Dinosaurios y Su Entorno: 129–138.
  30. ^ a b Hendrickx, C. (2008). "Spinosauridae - Historique des decouvertes" [Spinosauridae - Discovery history]. spinosauridae.fr.gd (in French). Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  31. ^ Canudo, J. I.; Gasulla, J. M.; Ortega, F.; Ruiz-Omeñaca, J. I. (2004). Presencia de Baryonychinae (Theropoda) en el Aptiense inferior (Cretácico Inferior) de Laurasia: Cantera Mas de la Parreta, Formación Arcillas de Morella (Morella, Castellón) [Presence of Baryonychinae (Theropoda) in the lower Aptian (Lower Cretaceous) of Laurasia: Cantera Mas de la Parreta, Arcillas de Morella Formation (Morella, Castellón)] (PDF). III Jornadas Internacionales sobre Paleontología de Dinosaurios y su Entorno (in Spanish).
  32. ^ a b c Hone, D. W. E.; Holtz Jr., T. R. (2017). "A Century of Spinosaurs – A Review and Revision of the Spinosauridae with Comments on Their Ecology". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 91 (3): 1120–1132. Bibcode:2017AcGlS..91.1120H. doi:10.1111/1755-6724.13328. ISSN 1000-9515. S2CID 90952478.
  33. ^ Holtz, T. R. Jr. (2011) Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages, Winter 2010 Appendix.
  34. ^ Holtz, T. R. Jr. (2014). "Supplementary Information to Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages". University of Maryland. Retrieved 2014-09-05.
  35. ^ Molina-Pérez, R.; Larramendi, A. (2016). Récords y curiosidades de los dinosaurios Terópodos y otros dinosauromorfos. Barcelona, Spain: Larousse. p. 275. ISBN 978-8416641-15-4.
  36. ^ von Meyer, H. (1832). Palaeologica zur Geschichte der Erdeund ihrer Geschöpfe [Palaeologica on the history of the earth and its creatures] (in German). Frankfurt am Main: S. Schmerber. p. 115.
  37. ^ Brochu, C. A. (2013). "Phylogenetic relationships of Palaeogene ziphodont eusuchians and the status of Pristichampsus Gervais, 1853". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 103 (3–4): 521–550. Bibcode:2012EESTR.103..521B. doi:10.1017/S1755691013000200. S2CID 128920027.
  38. ^ Pictet, F.-J. (1853). Traité élémentaire de paléontologie ou histoire naturelle des animaux fossiles considérés dans leurs rapports zoologiques et géologiques [Elementary treatise on paleontology, or natural history of fossil animals considered in their zoological and geological relationships] (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Baillière. p. 582. OCLC 490267739.
  39. ^ Dollo, L. (1883). "Première note sur les crocodiliens de Bernissart" [First note on the crocodilians of Bernissart]. Bulletin du Musée Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique. 2 (17): 309–340. ISSN 0366-449X.
  40. ^ Woodward, A. S. (1885). "On the literature and nomenclature of British fossil Crocodilia". Geological Magazine. 2 (11): 496–510. doi:10.1017/S001675680019939X. S2CID 86086423.
  41. ^ Woodward, A. S. (1887). "The history of fossil crocodiles". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 9 (5): 288–344. doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(86)80047-5. ISSN 0016-7878. S2CID 86086423.
  42. ^ Nicholson, H. A.; Lydekker, R. (1889). "Palaeozoology; Vertebrata". A manual of palaeontology for the use of students with a general introduction on the principles of palaeontology. Vol. 2. Edinburgh & London: William Blackwood and Sons. pp. 1189–1190. OCLC 7919973.
  43. ^ von Zittel, K. A. (1887–1890). Handbuch der Paläontologie. Abteilung 1. Paläozoologie Band III: Vertebrata (Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves) [Handbook of Paleontology. Section 1. Paleozoology Volume III: Vertebrata (Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves)] (in German). Munich & Leipzig: R. Oldenbourg. pp. 670–672.
  44. ^ Van den Broeck, E. (1900). "Les dépôts à Iguanodons de Bernissart et leur transfert dans l'étage Purbeckien ou Aquilonien du Jurassique supérieur: Exposé comprenant une revue de la faune des vertébrés du Purbeckien et du Wealdien dans le sud-est de l'Angleterre" [The Iguanodon deposits of Bernissart and their transfer to the Purbeckian or Aquilonian stage of the Upper Jurassic: Account including a review of the Purbeckian and Wealden vertebrate fauna of southeastern England]. Bulletin de la Société belge de géologie, de paléontologie et d'hydrologie. 2 (in French). 14 (4): 39–112. ISSN 0037-8909.
  45. ^ Romer, A. S. (1956). Osteology of the Reptiles. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 627. OCLC 236743.
  46. ^ Konzhukova, E. D. (1964), "Надотряд Крокодилы" [Order Crocodilia], in Rozhdestvensky, A. N.; Tatarinov, L. P. (eds.), Основы палеонтологии: Справочник для палеонтологов и геологов СССР. Земноводные, пресмыкающиеся и птицы [Fundamentals of paleontology: Handbook for paleontologists and geologists of the USSR. Amphibians, reptiles and birds] (PDF) (in Russian), vol. 12, Moscow: Nauka, pp. 506–523
  47. ^ Kuhn, O. (1968), Die vorzeitlichen Krokodile [The prehistoric crocodiles] (in German), Krailling: Verlag Oeben
  48. ^ Plieninger, T. (1846). "Über ein neues Sauriergenus und die Einreihung der Saurier mit flachen, schneidenden Zähnen in eine Familie" [On a new genus of saurian and the classification of saurians with flat, cutting teeth into a family]. Jahreshefte des Vereins für vaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg (in German). 2 (1): 148–154.
  49. ^ Plieninger, T. (1846). "Nachträgliche Bemerkungen zu dem Vortrage (S. 148 dieses Heftes) über ein neues Sauriergenus und die Einreihung der Saurier mit flachen, schneidenden Zähnen in Eine Familie" [Supplementary remarks on the lecture (p. 148 of this issue) on a new genus of saurian and the classification of saurians with flat, cutting teeth into a family] (PDF). Jahreshefte des Vereins für vaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg (in German). 2 (1): 247–254.
  50. ^ Bronn, H. G. (1849). Index Palaeontologicus [Palaeontological Index] (in German). Vol. 2. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart. p. 693. OCLC 716365173.
  51. ^ Bronn, H. G. (1851–1852). Lethaea geognostica [Geognostic Lethaea] (in German). Vol. 2. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart. p. 512. OCLC 1298757564.
  52. ^ Paul, G. S. (2007), "Turning the old into the new: a separate genus for the gracile iguanodont from the Wealden of England", in Carpenter, K. (ed.), Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs, Life of the Past, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, pp. 69–77, doi:10.2307/j.ctt1zxz1md, ISBN 978-0-253-34817-3, S2CID 82303430
  53. ^ Hulke, J. W. (1879). "Vectisaurus valdensis, a new Wealden dinosaur". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. 35 (1–4): 421–424. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1879.035.01-04.27. S2CID 131649579..
  54. ^ a b Sereno, P. C.; Beck, A. L.; Dutheil, D. B.; Gado, B.; Larsson, H. C. E.; Lyon, G. H.; Marcot, J. D.; Rauhut, O. W. M.; Sadleir, R. W.; Sidor, C. A.; Varricchio, D. D.; Wilson, G. P.; Wilson, J. A. (1998). "A long-snouted predatory dinosaur from Africa and the evolution of spinosaurids". Science. 282 (5392): 1298–1302. Bibcode:1998Sci...282.1298S. doi:10.1126/science.282.5392.1298. JSTOR 2897298. PMID 9812890. S2CID 10638279.
  55. ^ Fowler, D. W. (2007). "Recently rediscovered baryonychine teeth (Dinosauria: Theropoda): New morphologic data, range extension & similarity to Ceratosaurus". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (suppl. to 3): 76A. doi:10.1080/02724634.2007.10010458.
  56. ^ Benson, R. B. J. (2010). "A description of Megalosaurus bucklandii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Bathonian of the UK and the relationships of Middle Jurassic theropods". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 158 (4): 882–935. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00569.x. S2CID 84266680.
  57. ^ Sales, M. A. F.; Schultz, C. L. (2017). "Spinosaur taxonomy and evolution of craniodental features: Evidence from Brazil". PLOS ONE. 12 (11) e0187070. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1287070S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187070. PMC 5673194. PMID 29107966.
  58. ^ Lacerda, Mauro B. S.; Grillo, Orlando N.; Romano, Pedro S. R. (2021). "Rostral morphology of Spinosauridae (Theropoda, Megalosauroidea): Premaxilla shape variation and a new phylogenetic inference". Historical Biology. 34 (11): 2089–2109. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.2000974. S2CID 244418803.
  59. ^ Barker, C. T.; Hone, D. W. E.; Naish, D.; Cau, A.; Lockwood, J. A. F.; Foster, B.; Clarkin, C. E.; Schneider, P.; Gostling, N. J. (2021). "New spinosaurids from the Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous, UK) and the European origins of Spinosauridae". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 19340. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1119340B. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-97870-8. PMC 8481559. PMID 34588472.
  60. ^ a b Holtz Jr., T. R. (1998). "Spinosaurs as crocodile mimics". Science. 282 (5392): 1276–1277. Bibcode:1998Sci...282.1276H. doi:10.1126/science.282.5392.1276. S2CID 16701711.
  61. ^ Ibrahim, N.; Sereno, P. C.; Dal Sasso, C.; Maganuco, S.; Fabri, M.; Martill, D. M.; Zouhri, S.; Myhrvold, N.; Lurino, D. A. (2014). "Semiaquatic adaptations in a giant predatory dinosaur". Science. 345 (6204): 1613–1616. Bibcode:2014Sci...345.1613I. doi:10.1126/science.1258750. PMID 25213375. S2CID 34421257. Supplementary Information
  62. ^ Cuff, Andrew R.; Rayfield, Emily J. (2013). "Feeding Mechanics in Spinosaurid Theropods and Extant Crocodilians". PLOS ONE. 8 (5) e65295. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...865295C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065295. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3665537. PMID 23724135.
  63. ^ Radley, J. D.; Allen, P. (2012). "The southern English Wealden (non-marine Lower Cretaceous): overview of palaeoenvironments and palaeoecology". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 123 (2): 382–385. Bibcode:2012PrGA..123..382R. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2011.12.005.
  64. ^ Radley, J. D. (2006). "A Wealden guide I: the Weald Sub-basin". Geology Today. 22 (3): 109–118. Bibcode:2006GeolT..22..109R. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2451.2006.00563.x. S2CID 129247105.
  65. ^ a b Mateus, O.; Estraviz-López, D. (2022). "A new theropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian) of Cabo Espichel, Portugal: Implications for spinosaurid evolution". PLOS ONE. 17 (2) e0262614. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1762614M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0262614. PMC 8849621. PMID 35171930.
  66. ^ a b Bertozzo, F.; Camilo, B.; Araújo, R.; Manucci, F.; Kullberg, J. C.; Cerio, D. G.; Carvalho, V. F.; de Marrecas, P.; Figueiredo, S. D.; Godefroit, P. (2025). "Cariocecus bocagei, a new basal hadrosauroid from the Lower Cretaceous of Portugal". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 23 (1) 2536347. doi:10.1080/14772019.2025.2536347. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 281435871.
  67. ^ a b Domingues Figueiredo, S.; Bachtsevanidou Strantzali, I.; Gomes, M.; Pimenta, R.; Santos, M. (2017). "Preliminary data of new dinosaurs and turtles remains from the basal deposits of the Papo-Seco Formation in Areias do Mastro's Quarry (Cabo Espichel - Portugal)". Arnava (in Portuguese). 6 (1): 117–130. ISSN 2320-0103.
  68. ^ Domingues Figueiredo, S.; Rosina, P.; Gomes, M. (2018). "Novos Restos De Um Dinossáurio Aviano Do Cretácico Inferior De Portugal (Areias Do Mastro – Sesimbra)" [New Remains of an Avian Dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Portugal (Mastro area – Sesimbra)]. Revista de Geistória e Pré-História. 1 (in Portuguese). 1 (2): 66–69.
  69. ^ Figueiredo, S.; Carvalho, I.; Cunha, P.; Neto de Carvalho, C.; Díaz-Martínez, I.; Garcias, T. (2025). "Pegadas de terópodes da Formação de Papo Seco (Barremiano inferior, Cabo Espichel, Bacia Lusitânica)" [Theropod tracks from the Papo Seco Formation (lower Barremian, Cabo Espichel, Lusitanian Basin)]. Comunicações Geológicas (in Portuguese). 112: 81–85. doi:10.34637/E936-4184.
  70. ^ Figueiredo, S. D.; Marques, C.; R., I. M.; Cunha, P. P.; de Souza Carvalho, I. (2023). "Sauropod dinosaur remains from the Papo-Seco formation (lower Barremian, Lusitanian Basin, Cabo Espichel, Portugal): Previous and new discoveries". Cretaceous Research. 151 105657. Bibcode:2023CrRes.15105657F. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105657. S2CID 260414572.
  71. ^ Domingues Figueiredo, S.; Carvalho, I. d. S.; Pereda-Suberbiola, X.; Proença Cunha, P.; Bachtsevanidou Strantzali, I.; Antunes, V. (2022). "Ornithopod dinosaur remains from the Papo Seco Formation (lower Barremian, Lusitanian Basin, Portugal): a review of old and new finds". Historical Biology. 35 (11): 2181–2192. doi:10.1080/08912963.2022.2138372. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 253390618.
  72. ^ Figueiredo, S.; Dinis, P.; Belo, J.; Rosina, P.; Bachtsevanidou Strantzali, I. (2017). "A new record of a possible ornithopod footprint from the Lower Cretaceous of Cabo Espichel (Sesimbra, Portugal)" (PDF). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 56 (2): 217–231. doi:10.4435/BSPI.2017.20. ISSN 0375-7633. S2CID 44179652.
  73. ^ Figueiredo, S. D.; Rosina, P.; Figuti, L. (2015). "Dinosaurs and other vertebrates from the Papo-Seco Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of southern Portugal". Journal of Iberian Geology. 41 (3): 301–314. doi:10.5209/rev_JIGE.2015.v41.n3.47828. ISSN 1886-7995. S2CID 53970915.
  74. ^ Figueiredo, S.; Bachtsevanidou Strantzali, I.; Rosina, P.; Gomes, M. (2016). "New Data about the Paleo Environment of the Papo-Seco Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of Southern Portugal" (PDF). Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering. 41 (3): 463–470.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suchosaurus&oldid=1358715458"